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1 Histo08
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vocab | nucleus artifact cytoplasm cytosol differentiation extracellular morphology ultrastructural intra/extra/intercellular chromatin heterochromatin euchromatin fixation staining (hematoxylin, eosin) eosinophilic basophilic phagocytosis organelle vesicle |
| Who developed theory of 21 different tissues in late 1700s? | Bichat |
| 1838 Who thought up cell theory? Hint, 2 guys, one got cells named after him. | Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden |
| 1855 Cellular Pathology published by... | Rudolf Virchow |
| Four basic tissue types: | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
| 2 basic characteristics of tissues prepared for slides in histology, first is physical: | Physical characteristics, cells=size, shape, content, nucleus, origin Tissue=extent, shape, location, # and type of cells, character of surrounding material |
| Second basic characteristic used to assess cells and tissues: Staining | Characteristic bonding with dyes. Hemoglobin binds with eosin |
| Term for the microscope we used in class: | Bright-field light microscope (not transmission electron microscopy) |
| What does formaldehyde do preserve cells? | Cross-links proteins and other sub-cellular structures |
| What is most common solution of formaldehyde? | Formalin, 3.7% |
| What is used to slice paraffin stiffened tissues? (hint, it's a sharp knife!) | microtome |
| How small can the eye see? | 0.2 mm |
| How small can bright-field see? | 0.2 micrometer |
| How small can scanning electron microscope see? | 2.5 nanometer |
| How small can transmission microscope see? | 1 nanometer |
| Two major divisions of cellular membranes: | Cell surface membrane (aka plasma membrane) Intracellular membrane (for organelles) |
| How did they figure out phospholipid bilayer? | There was twice as much of it as there shoulda been... |
| Peripheral membrane proteins go.... through the cell membrane | partway. Integral membrane proteins go all the way through. |
| The fancy word for the carbohydrates clinging to the proteins and liids of the cellular membrane: | glycocalyx |
| Specialized membrane: microvilli, cilia, stereocilia | also types of junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, synapses. |
| Cytosol | Non-particulate region, gel-like, site of enzymatic reactions, structure is complex, based on cytoskeleton |
| Mitochondria, basics | Have their own DNA, proteins are encoded by combination of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Undergo dramatic structure changes for high vs. low energy state. |
| Mitochondria have enzymes for three processes: | Electron transport chain, Krebs cycle, and fatty acid oxidation. |
| Nucleus | Perforated by nuclear pores, continuous with endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Euchromatin is DNA that is ... | In an open configuration, can shift to "Nucleosome" with scaffolding network of proteins (lamins) and regulating proteins (histones). |
| Heterochromatin is DNA that is... | Condensed. Visible as individual chromosomes (mitotic figures), not the same as dead nuclei (pyknotic) |
| Nucleolus is a recognizable site: | non-dividing cells, the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly. |
| Ribosomes are the sites of translation of ... | mRNA into protein. Takes place in the cytoplasm. |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a ... | network of anastomosing tubules, continuous with nuclear membrane and golgi apparatus. |
| Smooth ER has the enzymes for metabolizing... | Good stuff! Steroids, drugs, glycogen, and lipids. |
| Rough ER has ribosomes, to... | Transport proteins across membrane during translation from mRNA. |
| Golgi apparatus functions in directional transport and modifications of... | proteins. May add carbohydrates, sort for destination, assembles mature membranes. |
| Lysosomes | Oval, contain degradative enzymes to turn over molecules. Primary at edges of the Golgi, secondary fuse with another vesicle, and residual are all done. |
| Cytoskeleton | 25 nm. Microtubules made of tubulin proteins, polymerizes as needed, moves organelles around, flexes cilia, maintains cell shape. |
| Other part of cytoskeleton (not microtubules) | 5 nm. microfilaments=actin. Major part of contractility of muscle, in all the other cells too. |
| Other part of cytoskeleton that's not microtubules or microfilaments | 10 nm. Intermediate filaments: scaffolding proteins. Other proteins in their family: keratin, lamins, desmin. |
| What does H&E stain stand for? | Hematoxylin (orange/red) and Eosin (bluish-purple). |
| Intense eosinophilia (pinkness) usually indicates... | full of proteins! (there may also be random granules in a white blood cell that stain a bit strongly) |
| Intense basophilia (purplishness) usually indicates... | ribosomal RNA...protein translation! |
| The blocky edges of an artifactual red blood cell that looks like a mine: | crenated |
Created by:
ceres
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