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Japanese E-2 CH11 Gr
Japanese E-2 CH11 Grammar
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Expressing resultant state | て-form + いる for verbs expressing wearing clothes or accessories. Also for verbs that indicate an instataneous change of state or transfer. |
| Expressing ongoing action, construction | て-form + いる |
| Expressing ongoing action, explanation | expresses ongoing action for certain action verbs that indicate activities that take place for a period of time. |
| Expressing ongoing action, examples | eating, drinking, raining, reading, wind blowing, etc. |
| て-form + いる, common usage modication | often shortened to て-form + る in conversation (both casual and formal) |
| Expressing habitual action, explanation | Many verbs, including action verbs or change-of-state verbs, can be used to express habitual action with the verb て-form + いる |
| Expressing habitual action, example | よくジャケットをきている。 |
| Plain past form, compatible structures, examples | ので, ～んです, から and けど, とおもう, and noun modification. |
| Plain past affirmative form, verbs | Take て-form and replace て with た (or だ) |
| Plain past affirmative form, い-adjectives, affirmative | かった instead of い. |
| Plain past affirmative form, い-adjectives, affirmative, comparison to polite past affirmative form | です removed from かったです ending. (both replace い) |
| Plain past affirmative form, な-adjectives, affirmative | add だった after the adjective |
| Plain past affirmative form, な-adjectives, affirmative, comparison to plain present affirmative form | だ becomes だった |
| Plain past affirmative form, noun + copula | the same as な adjectives |
| Plain past negative form | replace the plain present negative ending, ない, with なかった |
| Plain forms in casual conversation, uses, social context | among close friends and family members because indicates closeness, intimacy, and carefree attitudes. Can be used by superiors toward social inferiors to show close carefree attitudes. |
| Polite forms in conversation, uses, social context | indicates awareness of the listener's presence and intends to main a proper social distance. Use for someone with a higher social status or who is much older, in order to show respect. Indicates awareness of social different and that not true equals. |
| Choosing between plain form and polite form, general rule | Depends on the speaker's perception about his/her social relationship with his/her interlocutor. |
| Choosing between plain form and polite form, another example situation | Very common for two people ofthe same age group to start a conversation with polite form but switch to plain form as the conversation progresses. |
| うん | casual form of はい or ええ |
| ううん | casual form of いいえ |
| Particles often ommitted in conversations | は, が, を |
| Questions in casual conversation, question particle | か is often ommitted. A rising inotation is used toward the end of the question instead. |
| Questions in casual conversation, written records | ？ will be written instead of か |
| Questions in casual conversation, copula verbs and な-adjectives | だ from copula verbs and な-adjectives also deleted in questions. |
| Statements in casual conversations, copula verbs and な-adjectives in sentences terminating in ね and よ | deleting だ makes the speech some feminine |
| んです plain form | んだ or の. |
| んです plain form, questions | の is usually used, not んだ |
| ～てください, casual conversation version | ～て |
| い-adjectives, adverbial form | く-form |
| な-adjectives, adverbial form | add に after the adjective |
| Adverbial form usage | used to modify a verb indicating how an action takes place |
| Adverbial forms, expressing changes of state or outcome | adverbial form + する and adverbial form + なる |
| Adverbial forms, expressing changes of state or outcome, nouns | nouns can be made into adverbs like な-adjectives |
| Adverbial form + する | to make something/someone (into) ～ |
| Adverbial form + なる | to become ～ |
| Expressing uncertainty using ～でしょう, ～かもしれない, and ～かな, verb form | plain form |
| Expressing uncertainty using ～でしょう, ～かもしれない, and ～かな, い-adjective form | plain form |
| Expressing uncertainty using ～でしょう, ～かもしれない, and ～かな, な-adjective and noun + copula form | plain form, but without だ |
| でしょう | expresses a probability of probably to must be/must have been. Can be used for future or past events or actions. |
| ～でしょう, a first usage | commonly used in weather forecasts |
| ～でしょう, a second usage | used in casual situations with a rising intonation to ask for confirmation |
| ～でしょうか | a way to ask a question that is more polite than ですか |
| ~でしょう, a third usage | used with たぶん |
| たぶん | perhaps |
| でしょう, plain form | だっろ |
| ~だっろか | can be interpreted as a self-direction question. でしょうか, on the other hand, is always interpretated as a polite question |
| かもしれない | Might. Expresses a probablity or conjecture of 50% or lower. Like でしょう, it can also be used for future or past events or actions. |
| かな | I wonder. Speaker asking himself or herself about something. Cannot be used to speak about other people. Present tense only. Can only be used by the speaker. |
| かな, politeness | Do not "use" with "superiors," because "fairly informal." Cannot be used in a 'straightforward question like ～でしょうか, but can be used to solicit the listener's answer indirectly.' |
| かしら | feminine version of かな |
Created by:
ncommons
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