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World Ocean Final
World Ocean Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Factors limiting Marine primary productivity- AVALIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS | nutrients are recycled constantly. Nirate, phosphorous, (iron and silica but less of these). Most from river runoff. Productivity high along continental margins |
| Factors limiting Marine primary productivity- AVALIBILITY OF SUNLIGHT | Varies daily and seasonally. Uppermost surface seawater and shallow seafloor above compensation depth (100m) for photosynthesis. Euphotic zone- surface (net gain of photosynthesis) to 330ft (100m) |
| Marine photosynthesizers | Anthophyta, macroscopic algae, Microscopic algae, photosynthetic bacteria |
| Anthophyta | Seed-bearing plants. In shallow coastal waters. Primarily grasses and mangroves. It stabilizes. |
| Macroscopic Algae | Can be seen with the naked eye. Ex. Kelp. brown algae-marine, green algae-fresh water, Red algae-MOST COMMON |
| Photosynthetic Bacteria | extremely small but may be half of photosynthetic biomass. |
| Microscopic Algae | Produces food for 99% of marine animals. Most planktonic. Golden Algae- diatoms (silica), Coccolithophores (calcium carbonate). Dinoflagellates (sea sparkle) Red tide (harmful algal bloom), cellulose test and flagella |
| Polar Ocean productivity | >60 degrees latitude. Sunlight peaks in summer (limited light). Nutrients available nearly year-round (only weak seasonal thermocline)Example- Barents Sea. |
| Tropical Ocean productivity | < 30degrees latitude (between the 30s) Sunlight strong year-round. Nutrients LIMITED by strong, permanent thermocline. Productivity: Steady,low rate, limited by nutrients, exceptions: upwelling areas, mangrove swamps, coral reefs |
| Temperate Ocean Productivity | 30 to 60 latitudes. Sunlight varies seasonally. Nutrients limited by thermocline: spring bloom limited by nutrients and fall bloom limited by sunlight. |
| Trophic level Calculations | The feeding level. Chemical energy is transferred from producers to consumers. About 10% of energy is transferred to each level so for each step multiply by .1 |
| What is an example of macroscopic algae? | Kelp |
| Which are seed-bearing plants? | Mangroves |
| Limiting factors for marine primary productivity are? | Nutrients and Sunlight |
| Productivity in tropical oceans is? | Nutrients Limited |
| Productivity in polar oceans is? | Light Limited |
| On average the efficiency of trophic transfers is? | 10% |
| Although productivity in tropical oceans is generally low, what tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates? | coastal upwelling zones, coral reefs, equatorial upwelling zones,mangrove swamps |
| The caudal in of a fast-cruising fish such as a tuna is? | Luncate |
| The fins that have been modified for efficient movement in rays and skates are? | The Pectoral Fins |
| Adaptations to life in the euphotic zone are......? | Spines, gas-filled bladders, long appendages and increased surface area. NOT increased density |
| Adaptations of a deep-water fish are? | Large mouths, nonspecific diets, sharp needle-like teeth, and extensible jaws. NOT large bodies** |
| Productivity in tropical oceans is? | Nutrients Limited |
| I 10,000 units of energy were contained in primary producers, on average how many units would you expect to be transferred to third order consumers? | (3 STEPS soooo take away 3 zeros) the answer is 10 units |
| Important marine autotrophs that have silica (SiO2) incorporated in their cell walls are? | Diatoms |
| Productivity in polar oceans is? | Light Limited |
| How do nektonic organisms avoid sinking? | Moving Constantly, Swim Bladders, Body Fat/Blubber, Gas Containers |
| Lungers | They wait for prey and pounce (ex. grouper). They mainly have white muscle tissue. They have bursts of energy and need less oxygen |
| Cruisers | Actively seeking prey (ex. Tuna). They mostly have red muscle tissue. Homeothermic- they circulatory system is modified (their veins are paired together to warm blood) |
| How do nekonic organisms hide? (there are 8 ways how many can you name?) | 1. Transparency. 2.Coloration (camouflage). 3. Countershading. 4.Sepia(ink). 5.Bioluminescence(creation of light by special cells on fish). 6. Red/Black Stomachs. 7.Migration (DSL) 8.Schooling |
| Symbiosis | Organisms associate in beneficial relationship |
| Commensalism | One benefits without harm to other. Ex. sponge that has the starfish growing out of it> star gets place to live and food/sponge nothing |
| Mutualism | A mutually beneficial relationship. Ex. Barnacles on crab> crab gets camouflage with coral/barnacles get transportation |
| Parasitism | One benefits and may harm the other. Ex. fish and the flea on it (flea is harming) |
| Inhabitants of pelagic environment may be? | Planktonic and Nektonic |
| What is the caudal fin? | the rounded back fin, maneuvers at slow speeds |
| What is a pectoral fin? | the fins right after gills almost, the ones on the sides. They are used for steering and balance |
| What is a dorsal fin? | The fin on top |
| What is an anal fin? | The fin on the bottom. Visual opposite of the dorsal fin |
| A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is? | Mutualism |
| A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other is? | Parasitism |
| The lateral line system of a fish detects? | Motion of nearby fish |
| Who does not come up to the surface to breathe air? | A whale shark |
| Cetacean adaptations for the marine environment includes? | Blowholes and Flukes |
| The blue whale is a toothed whale. True or False? | False |
| Toothed whales eat higher on the food chain than baleen whales. True or False? | True |
| Cetacean adaptations for deep diving include? | High levels of myoglobin in muscle tissues, collapsible lungs, muscles insensitive to build up of carbon dioxide, high levels of hemoglobin in the blood. NOT increased heart rate. |
| Which of the following are strictly herbivores? | Manatees |
| Examples of marine mammals are? | Manatees, sea otters, porpoises, seals. NOT penguins, penguins lay eggs |
| Members of the Order Carnivora include all of the following EXCEPT? | Toothed whales. (Carnivora are seals, sea lions, sea otters, polar bears) |
| The longest migration of any mammal is undertaken by the? | Gray whale |
| Members of Odontoceti have one blowhole and rely on echolocation to find food. True or False? | True |
| How are cetaceans adapted to (deep)ocean life? | They use oxygen efficiently: able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled, able to store large quantities of oxygen, able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs. Muscles insensitive to build up of CO2, collapsible lungs |
| Two suborders of order Cetacea | Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whale) and Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whale) |
| Suborder Odontoceti | (toothed whale) Echolocate- send sound through water. Includes killer whales, sperm whales, dolphins, porpoises, and many others |
| Suborder Mysticeti | (baleen whales)They have rows of baleen paltes instead of teeth. Includes blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale and many others |
| The distribution of benthic biomass is related to? | Primary productivity |
| Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are? | Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria |
| The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is? | Space |
| Which zone of a rocky shoreline has the greatest proportion of soft-bodied inhabitants? | Low tide zone |
| Faunal zonation across a sediment-covered shoreline is best seen when the shore is gently sloping. True or False? | False |
| The most important limiting factor in suboceanic benthic environment is? | Food |
| Which of the following factors does NOT limit coral growth? | High concentrations of Calcium carbonate in the water. (low light, high sediment load, water temp below 18c, and low nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the water DO limit growth) |
| The relationship between the zooxanthellae and the polys of reef-building corals is best described as? | Mutualism |
| Corals with delicate growth patterns are typically found...? | On the reef slope |
| What is a threat to coral reef survival? | Suspended sediment, scuba and snorkeling, boat collisions, rapid sea level rise. |
| Zonation On a rocky shoreline | 1) Spray/supertidal zone- rarely covered- even above spring tides. INTERTIDAL ( 2.High tide zone 3.Middle tide zone 4.Low Tide Zone[rarely exposed] ) Has periods of desiccation(drying out) and submergence so upper= shell organisms lower=soft organisms. |
| Rocky Shores | Most organisms live ON the surface so, EPIFAUNA.-Attached to substrate. Move over seafloor. In rocky and sediment covered shores: highest diversity & greatest biomass occur in low tide zone. decreasing as move upward. species differ zone to zone |
| Sandy/ Sediment covered shores | NO stable surface so most organisms BURROW into the sediment: INFAUNA-less risk of temp extremes and drying out. Sediment-covered shores include:Beaches, Salt marshes, mud flats. Bivalves like clams and mussels. |
| VIDEO EXTRA CREDIT: Name the three animals she told us! and what was their role in the movie | BUBBLER CRAB-this is the guy who went through all the sand on the beach and ate lil guys and got back in his burrow before tide, he can only do this is moist sand TULIP SNAIL-the lil guy that gets eaten HERMIT CRAB- the ones who steal the shell at the e |
| Benthic environments are limited to shallow coastal waters. True or False? | False |
| The subnertic benthic environment is found on? | Continental Shelves |
| The most important factor in subnertic benthic environments is food. True or False? | False (its space) |
| A deposit-feeding worm will most likely be found on? | Mud Flats |
| Most suspension feeders will be? | Sessile on Sand and rocks |
| Most deposit feeders will be? | Mobile on muds |
| Most organisms living on rocky shorelines are? | Epifaunal |
| Which zone will have the most soft-bodied animals? | Low tide |
| Which zone will have the most shelled animals? | spray |
| Most organisms living on muddy shorelines are? | Infaunal |
| What enables coral reef to be so productive? | The Hermatypic coral's mutualistic relationship with algae. Algae provide food (90% of it). the corals provide nutrients. |
| What are the requirements for coral to survive/thrive? | They need; warm water:18-30C (64-86F), Strong sunlight, strong wave/current action, lack of turbidity, Salt water, Hard substrate for attachment. |
| Differences between Pacific and Atlantic Reefs. | PACIFIC-Greater diversity, 2000 fish, 5000 mollusks, Much soft coral, giant clams, Great depth(1283m) and age(60my) ATLANTIC-lesser diversity, 600fish 1200 mollusks, little soft coral, no giant clams, on shallow banks, 15000 yrs old at most. |
| What are they two reasons that explain why the Atlantic Basin has less reefs? | It is younger and possibly colder during the Pleistocene period |
| What are the threats to coral reefs? | Physical destruction (boats, humans), Rapid sea level rise, Emergence, Crown of Thorns starfish, Agricultural runoff-too much nutrients and sediment hurts filter feeders, Tropical storms, Bleaching- from warming |
| What is true about Pacific and Atlantic coral reefs? | Pacific reefs are older |
| Coral bleaching occurs as? | corals expel algae |
| What explains pattern of coral diversity within a basin? | Warmer western boundary currents |
| A sea lion is more agile on land than a seal. True or False? | True! |
| Manatees are? | Herbivores |
| Members of the Mysticeti? | Strain food with Baleen |
| Odondoceti are toothed whales. True or False? | True |
| Who is not a member of the suborder Odontoceti? | Minke Whale |
| Members of Odondoceti eat lower on the food chain than members of Mysticeti. True or false? | False |
Created by:
emilyclawson
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