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Chapter 12
The Endocrine System
Term | Definition |
---|---|
The endocrine system secretes | hormones. |
The endocrine system works with the ______ _______ to control our entire body. | nervous system |
Endocrine glands secrete directly into the | bloodstream (via the interstitial space) |
Endocrine glands do not have | ducts. |
Hormones | are chemicals that bring about a change in the body. |
Hormones have specific effects on certain structures called | target organs or target tissues. |
Hormones may affect several targets such as | adrenaline. |
There are two basic types of chemistry hormones. | Protein-based and steriod. |
Protein-based | can be long or short chains of amino acids or variations of single amino acids. |
Steroids | are cholesterol derivatives. Examples Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. |
Hormones bond to receptors on target cells. The receptors can be found in the | membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus. |
Protein hormones are two messenger mechanism. | The messengers stimulate a response. |
The first messenger is the protein hormones bond to ________ receptors on the ___________ because they can't penetrate the cell membrane. | surface, membrane. |
The second messenger __________ inside the cell. | activates |
Protein hormones causes a response specific to that cell based on enzymes within the cell. Examples are | changes in membrane permeability to specific substances, increase in translation, activation of other enzymes, secretion of cellular products. |
Steroids are lipis soluble therefore they _________ through the cell membrane. | diffuse |
Steroid hormones then combine with receptors in the | cytoplasm. |
The steroid-protein complex enters the nucleus. Then it activates specific genes to initiate | transcription and then translation. |
Cells of the endocrine glands respond to chemical changes, other __________, or _____ ______ stimulation. | hormones, nervous system. |
Most hormones use negative feedback | once a hormone brings about its affect, the hormones is inhibited from being release. |
Some hormones are controlled by releasing hormones. | It is released to cause other hormones to be released. And anterior pituitary hormones are released this way. |
Antagonistic pairs | some hormones have an antagonistic pair that affects tissues in an opposite way. |
Pituitary gland also known as | hypophysis |
Pituitary gland hangs by a short stalk called the | infundibulum from the hypothalamus. |
Pituitary gland is enclosed in the sella turcica in the ________ bone. | sphenoid. |
Pituitary gland regulates many body functions and is divided into 2 parts | the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. |
Anterior pituitary also known as | adenohypophysis (pituitary gland) |
anterior pituitary is made of | grandular tissue. |
Adenohypophysis is regulated by releaseing hormones from the hypothalamus. It is secreted through the | hypophyseal portal system. |
Growth hormone also known as | GH or somatropin (body development) |
Growth hormone | promotes growth by various means including increasing the cells ability to produce proteins for building tissue. |
Thyroid stimulating also known as | TSH or thyrotropin (thyroid development) |
Thyroid stimulating | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete it's hormones. |
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone also know as | ACTH |
Adrenocorticotrophic | stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. |
Prolactin | initiates and maintains milk production. |
Follicle stimulating hormone | stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle in women and sperm production in men. |
Follicle stimulating hormone also known as | FSH |
Luteining hormone also known as | LH |
Luteining hormone | stimulates the follicle to ovulate in women and the testes to secrete testosterone in men. |
Posterior pituitary also known as | neurohypophysis |
Neurohypophysis | extends from the nerve tissue of the hypothalamus. |
Posterior pituitary has only have 2 hormones | Antidiuretic hormone and Oxytocin. |
Antidiuretic hormone also known as | ADH or vasopressin |
ADH/Vasopressin | helps maintain BP. |
Antidiuretic hormone | decreases urine formation ans sweating and is release stimulated by decrease water concentration in the blood (dehydration) |
The hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses through the ______________________ to the posterior pituitary to inccrease ADH secretion. | hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
During major blood loss ADH is released in large amounts and causes | vasocontriction. |
Alcohol intake ________ ADH secretion.Thirst and dizziness result and are called "Hangover". | decrease |
Oxytocin stinulates uterine contraction | as the cervix is stretched it trigger the hypothalamus. It stimulates more contractions. It is a positive feedback (giving birth) |
Infant suckling stimulates the hypothalamus which triggers oxytocin release from the hypothalamus which triggers the oxytocin from the pituitary which triggers milk | release or let-down. (prolactin) |
Pineal gland releases | melatonin. |
Pineal gland is stimulated by | darkness and it creates sleepiness. |
Thymus gland | secretes thymosin and thymopoietin that develops the immune system by inducing immune cell production. |
Thymus gland and hormones that developS | immune cells. |
Thyroid gland has structural units of the thyroid are called | thyroid follicles. |
Thyroid follicles produces | T3 and T4 |
T3 | triiodothyronine contains 2 iodine atoms. |
T4 | thyroxine contains 4 iodine atoms. |
T3 and T4 | increases energy production and protein synthesis. |
T3 and T4 release is stimulated by | TSH from the anterior pituitary. |
Calcitonin maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate by | decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood, lowering th eblood levels. |
Calcitonin is stimulated by | hypercalcemia (High Blood Calcium) |
CALCITONIN IN THE BONE-IN | PUT CALCIUM IN THE BONE. |
Parathyroid hormone also known as | PTH |
Parathyroid hormone is an antagonist to calcitonin, it _________ clood calcium and phosphate. | increases. |
Parathyroid hormone targets the bones, small intestine, and kidneys. It ___________ demineralization of bone and Ca++ absorption from food. | increases |
Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by | hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) |
Adrenal glands also known as | Suprarenal glands. |
Adrenal glands are divided into 2 parts | cortex and medulla. |
Adrenal medulla its secretion are said to be | parasympathetic. |
Adrenal medulla mimic (& prolong) the effects of the | sympathetic nerous system. |
Adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine; during stressful situations. |
Norepinephrine also known as | noradrenalin |
Norepinephrine is release in small amounts and causes vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscle to quickly | raise BP. |
Epinephrine also known as | adrenalin. |
Epinephrine secretes in large amount and it increases ____ and _______ of contraction. | HR, force |
Epinepherine vasoconstriction in | skin and viscera. |
Epinephrine vasodilation in | skeletal muscles. |
Epinephrine dialates | bronchioles. |
Epinephrine decreases | peristalsis. |
Epinephrine stimulates | glycogenolysis and glucogenesis from lipids. |
Epinephrine increases | cell respiration. |
Epinephrine is stronger than | SNS. |
Adrenal Cortex secretes 3 types of steroid hormones | Mineralocorticoids, gluccorticoids, and sex hormones. |
Sex hormones are produces in | small amounts. |
Sex hormones in females are called | estrogen. |
sex hormones in males are called | androgen. |
Aldosterone is the most abundant | mineralocorticoid. |
Aldosterone primarily targets the kidneys to | increase blood volume and BP. |
Cortisol is gluccocorticoid that | increases glycogeneis from lipids and excess aminoacids.It conserves glucose foruse by the brain. |
Anti-inflammatory blocks | histamine. |
Histamine increases capillary _________ and allows lysozymes to spread. | permeability. |
Regulation is released during times of | physical or psychological stress. |
ACTH from the anterior pituitary... | CRH increases-ACTH increases-Cortisol. |
Pancreas is both | exocrine and endocrine gland. |
Pancreas funstional units are | islets of langerhans or pancreatic islets that are made up of 3 types of cells. |
The 3 pancreatic islets cells are | Alpha, beta, and delta. |
Alpha cells | produce glucagon. |
Beta cells | produce insulin. |
Delta cells | somatostatin-inhibits release of glucagon and insulin. |
WHEN GLUCOSE IS GONE | GLUCAGON. |
Glucagon stimulates liver to begin _________ and use lipids and amino acids for energy by glucogenesis. | glycogenolysis |
Insulin _________ blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating ___________ in the liver and muscles. | decrease, glycogenesis |
The _____, _________, and _______ do not need insulin to absorb glucose. | brain, liver, kidneys |
Prostaglandins are made virtually all cells from ____________ of their cell membranes. | phospolipids. |
Prostaglandins local action do not | circulate in the blood. |