Process which utilizes chemical reactions that result in energy production and use
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism, the synthesis reactions; small molecules are put together to make larger macromolecules; net energy input is required
Catabolism
Destructive metabolism, decomposition reactions; large macromolecules are broken down into small component molecules; net energy output
Between anabolism and catabolism, which one uses energy and which one provides energy?
Anabolism uses energy and catabolism provides energy
How are catabolic and anabolic reactions coupled?
They are coupled because catabolic reactions provide the energy to manufacture the ATP to run anabolic reactions
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Direct transfer of P from P-containing substrate (not a lot of ATP created this way)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electrons passed from organic compunds are passed through a series of reactions (involving electron carriers) to inorganic molecules ( a lot of ATP made this way)
Photophosphorylation
Pigments of photosynthetic cells trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
Respiration
Pyruvate molecules are further broken down in the Krebs Cycle and molecules generated in the Krebs Cycle (NADH-electron carriers) are used in the electron transport chain to generate large amounts of ATP; final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
Aerobic Respiration
Final electron acceptor is oxygen; final products are carbon dioxide and water and lots of ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen; amount of ATP generated varies with the organism and pathway but is always less than in aerobic respiration
Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose or other organic molecules into various endproducts and energy; does not require oxygen; does not require use of Krebs Cycle or electron transport chain; uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
Fermentation continued
Produces only tiny amounts of ATP(only 2 ATP) because the starting molecule is not broken down completely; products include lactic acid and other acids or alcohols
Which produces more ATP, respiration or fermentation?
Respiration produces more ATP, fermentation only makes 2 ATP
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate; energy molecule used by cells which is manufactured by the catabolism of foodstuff
Function of ATP
Main energy source for many cellular functions
Amount of glucose broken down in respiration
Glucose is broken down more completely (most energy is extracted)
Amount of glucose broken down in fermentation
Glucose is very partially broken down (some energy is extracted)
Homolactic Fermentation
Produces only lactic acid
Heterolactic Fermentation
Produces lactic acid and other acids or alcohols
Fermentation Tests
Test tube with medium containing protein, one type of carbohydrate, a pH indicator (phenol red) and Durham tube (inverted tube that catches gas)
How does phenol red appear in different pH conditions?
ph 7= reddish, pH below 7= yellow, pH above 7= deep red or hot pink
Different positive fermentation test results
Acid=yellow tube contents/ Gas= gas pushes Durham tube upward and tube is red/ Acid and Gas= gas pushes Durham tupe upward and tube is yellow
Biology Lab Midterm
