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urine/reproductive
A & P medical A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the parts of the urinary systems are the | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra (meatus) |
| 4 functions of the kidney's | formation, excretion of urine, secretion of renin, secretion of erythropoietin, activation of vitamin D |
| 3 words for passage of urine | urination, micturition, voiding |
| calyces (singular, calyx) | cup like areas that collect urine and continuously drains into the bladder |
| nephron | working units of the kidneys |
| where do the kidneys lie | against the dorsal body wall in the retropertioneal position in the superior lumbar region |
| At the hilus | the ureters, the renal blood vessels, and nerves enter or exit |
| Atop each kidney is the | adrenal gland |
| What are the 3 distinct regions of the kidneys | Renal cortex-outer, contains renal columns Renal medulla-inner Renal pelvis-basin |
| Urination formation is the result of 3 processes. what are they | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| what are 2 normal waste products found in urine | urea, creatinine |
| What are the 3 hormones which influence reabsorption of water | ANP or ANH - Arterial Natriuretic Peptide which is secreted by the heart ADH Antidiuretic hormone - secreted by posterior pitutiary glands and conserve water Aldosterone - conserves sodium |
| Urine pH varies from | 4.5 to 8.o with an average of 6 (acidic) |
| the color of urine | pale yellow or clear |
| Specific gravity (weight of gravity as to distilled water) | 1.001-1.035 |
| Is urine sterile | yes |
| The only part of the urinary system that is not sterile is | external meatus |
| Ureters (2) | the passage ways that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| bladder (1) | stores urine temporary |
| Urethra (1) | tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body. |
| female urethra | 1- 1/2" long - function is to conduct urine out of the body |
| Male urethra | approx 8" - carries urine out of the body and provides passageway which sperm is ejected from the body. Part of both urinary and reproductive system |
| UTI | Urinary tract infection |
| who is most likely to get an UTI? Why? | woman, because urethra is shorter |
| Renal calculi= | kidney stones; can be crushed, but still needs to be passed |
| Where is the trigone located | base of bladder; where theres w ureters & 1 urethea |
| Rugae= | folds in the bladder when its empty |
| Whats the normal avg output for the adult | 720 mL/day |
| Incontinence | inability to control urine or defecation |
| urinary retention | cannot void although kidneys are produces urine |
| Urgency (as related to urinary system) | have to void now |
| Frequency (as related to urinary system) | urge to void often |
| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder; bacteria, holding urine to long, colored underwear, bathing suits, bubble baths |
| anuria= | void less than 100 mL/day |
| oliguria | void less than 400 mL/day |
| hematuria | blood in urine; UTI, cystitis |
| painless hematuria | cancer of the bladder |
| glycosuria (glucosuria) | sugar in the urine; diabetes |
| proteinuria = and when might this occur | protein in the urine; pregnancy, hypertension |
| pyuria= and when might this occur | pus in the urine; pregnancy, infection |
| UA= | urinalysis |
| BUN= | blood, urea, nitrogen; blood test for nitrogen |
| If body fluids are to alkaline | the kidneys will secrete what they need to |
| When the blood pressure decreases | kidneys will secrete renin |
| The detrusor muscle is part of the bladder that eliminates urine | true or false |
| The metabolism of amino acids results in a nitrogenous waste product know as | urea |
| What type of muscle propels urine through a ureter | smooth |
| Meiosis= | cell division of the reproductive cells |
| gametes= | sex cells; sperm, ova |
| gonads= | testes (males), ovaries (females) |
| genitalia | all reproductive organs all together (internal & external) |
| where are the testes located | within the scrotum because body temp is to warm |
| What are the 'sperm-forming' factories | seminiferous tubules |
| Sperm travels from the testes to the ________ | epididymis which is the first part of the duct system |
| What is a temp storage site for the immature sperm | epididymis |
| As sperm travel through the _________, they mature, gaining the ability to swim | epididymis |
| The sperm travel through through the _______ (also known as _____), and empties into the ________ which propels the live sperm from their storage site | vas deferens, ductus, ejaculatory duct |
| prepuce= | foreskin of the penis |
| circumcision | removal of the foreskin |
| Which part of the male produt sys is rich in fructose and enhances motility of the sperm | seminal vesicles |
| What encircles the upper part of the male urethra just below the urinary bladder | the prostate gland |
| Which male reprod gland produce a secretion that cleanses the urethra of traces of acidic urine prior to ejaculation? | vulvo urethral |
| _______ is a mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions | semen |
| spermatogenesis= | sperm formation |
| When the sperm and egg unite, there are a total of | 46 chromosomes |
| 3 main parts of the sperm | head, mid-piece, flagellum |
| The DNA is located in what part of the sperm | head |
| Hyposecretion of ____ &_____ result in sterility | FSH, LH |
| Collectively, the male hormones are known as | androgens |
| the main male hormone is | testosterone |
| List some secondary male sex characteristics | body hair, deeper voice, muscle enlargement |
| where are the ovaries located | one on each side of tht mYe uterus in the pelvic cavity |
| oocyte | immature egg cell |
| 2 other names for fallopian tubes | uterine tubes & oviducts |
| the fallopian tubes extend from | the ovaries to the uterus |
| What receives the egg and provides a site for fertilization | fallopian tubes |
| fimbriae= | finger like projections that sweep the egg into the fallopian tube so that it may be fertilized |
| if 'everything is as it should be' fertilization takes place in the | fallopian tube and implantation takes place in the uterus |
| ectopic pregnancy | implantation that takes place any other place other than the uterus |
| 3 main parts of the uterus | fundus, body, cervix |
| endometrium= | inner lining of the uterus |
| myometrium= | middle (muscular) lining of the uterus |
| PID | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| 3 functions of the vagina | provides passageway for delivery of an infant, passageway for menstrual flow, receives penis & semen for sexual intercourse |
| where is the hymen located | fold of mucus membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening |
| clitoris= | erectile tissue |
| vulva= | all of the external genitalia for the female |
| oogenesis | production of eggs |
| perineum= | external genitals to the anus outward to thighs |
| list secondary sex characteristics for the female | breast, beginning of menstrual cycle, broaden hips |
| mittelschmerz | abdominal pain when ovulating |
| menarche | start of menstrual period |
| menopause | end on menstrual period - no periods after 1 year |
| in the menstrual cycle day 1-5 is known as | menstrual phase (bleeding) |
| in the menstrual cycle day 6-14 is known as | proliferate stage (estrogen levels increase) |
| vasectomy | surgical sterilization procedure for the male |
| in the menstrual cycle day 15-28 is known as | secretory phase (progesterone levels increase) |
| main hormone for females | estrogen |
| mammary glands are modified | sweat glands |
| where is the areola | reddish-brown area surrounding the nipples |
| mammography | x-ray of the breast. can detect a mass as small as a period |
| Hormone responsible for milk production | prolactin |
| hormone responsible for milk secretion | oxytocin |
| what occurs during the gestation period | development of an embryo to a fetus |
| the 1st 8 weeks of gestation, the conceptus is known as a _______. and from then until birth it is known as a ______, and at birth it is known as a _______. | embryo, fetus, infant |
| Who as XX | female |
| who has XY | male |
| Who determines the sex of the child | XY - male |
| what occurs when the union of the sperm and egg form a new one-celled individual | fertilization |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| in the umbilical cord there are | 2 arteries, 1 vein |
| The 'laymens' term for amniotic fluid is | bag of water |
| abortion | termination of pregnancy prior to 20 weeks |
| there are several types of abortion | elective, miscarrage, habitual aborter |
| gravitia | pregnancy for the first time |
| changes to mother to be in gastrointestinal | morning sickness, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids |
| changes to mother to be in urinary | frequency, stress incontinence |
| changes to mother to be in respiratory | dyspnea, nasal stuffyness, tidal volume increases |
| changes to mother to be in cardiovascular | increase in blood pressure, blood volume increases, venous return |
| parturition | act of giving birth |
| Braxton Hick's | false labor |
| 4 stages of labor | 1. dilation 2. expulsion 3. placental 4. recovery |
| what happen in stage 1 of labor | dilation- cervix dilates, fetus begins to shift toward the cervical canal. 1st true contraction; actually begins working w cervix to 10 cm |
| what happen in stage 2 of labor | expulsion - 10cm to delivery of the infant avg labor 16-20 hrs |
| what happen in stage 3 of labor | placental - delivery of infant to delivery of placenta; usually takes 5 mins. |
| what happen in stage 4 of labor | recovery - first 2 -4 hrs after delivery |
| APGAR score | done on baby 1 min & 5 min after birth; done by nurses; at 1 min usually a score of 7-8; 5 mins score of 10 if all is well |
| what is the laymens term for the placenta | afterbirth |
| cryptorchidism | testes do not descend. If left undescended could cause cancer; surgery can be done to correct |
| ultrasound | non-invasive, helps determine age, gender, size of fetus; uses high-frequency soundwaves to provide image |
| Amniocentesis | invassive; thru abdominal wall, uterine wall & placenta. sampling fluid in the amniotic sac. if dr orders it - get it done; can cause premature labor |
| Chorionic villus sampling | invassive; going thru cervix, testing for chromosomal abnormalities; can cause premature labor |
| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein |
| Identical twins | single zygote splitting into 2 cell masses & becoming 2 individuals, same DNA, same sex |
| fraternal twins | fertilization of 2 different ova by different sperm; siblings who share a common uterine environment |
| teratogen | agent capable of causing embryo or fetus malformations. diseases, agents, x-rays etc |
| STD treatable with penicillin; but can cause lesions of the nervous and cardiovascular system | syphilis |
| The process of oogenesis produces an egg cell approx. every | 28 days |
| The ductus deferens enters the abdominal cavity thru | the inguinal canal |
| colostrum | pre-milk; produced by mom while breast feeding and delivered to baby within 24-48 hours. gives baby all it needs |
Created by:
jhowe2323
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