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RF CellularRespirati
Cellular respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define Respiration | Metabolic process that produce energy(ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate ) for all life processes. |
| what do you call the Metabolic processes that produce energy | Cellular Respiration |
| what process by which energy is released from nutrient molecules converted to usable form and stored in cells is called | Cellulart Respiration or Respiration. |
| name some sources of energy | Food Glucose Photosynthesis. |
| Energy ATP name the structure | Phosphate group ribose and adenine. |
| On a piece of paper draw the Cycle of ATP | |
| when energy is released what is it temporarliy stored as. | it is stored as ATP until it is needed to be used. |
| What is ATase | an enzyme |
| what is the role of ATase | is an enzyme that catalyze the decomposition (breakdown) of ATP into ADP |
| ATP stands for what | Adeonsine Triphosphate |
| what does ADP stand for | Adenosine diPhosphate |
| ADP + P = | AdenosineTriphosphate |
| energy from food can be stored in the bonds | |
| stored energy is later released when what happens | the bond breaks |
| Movement: Mechanical Wall- | energy for muscle contractions |
| define transport work | moving substances across cell membranes |
| Growth methods to Make ATP | |
| Name the two types of Respiration? | Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration |
| Anaerobic Respiration define it | with out oxygen takes place in the absence of oxygen |
| what is only partially broken down in Anaerobic respiration | Glucose is only partially broken donw |
| Anaerobic Respiration produces a total of ____ ATP | 2 |
| Anaerobic Respiration is inefficient but fast | |
| Where does Anaerobic Respiraton take place? | in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes and cytoplasm and / or cell membrane of prokaryotes |
| Aerobic Respiration | Requires oxygen for the release of energy. |
| In Aerobic Respiration ,glucose is broken down further producing what | 36 ATP |
| Aerobic REspiration is highly efficient and where does it take place in the ???? | Aerobic Respiration is highly efficient and takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA |
| WHAT ISTHE STRUCTURE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA | CRISTAE- |
| WHAT IS CRISTAE= | HIGHLY FOLDED INNER MEMBRANE |
| WHAT IS THE ETS | ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
| WHERE DOES THE ETS TAKE PLACE | IN THE MITOCHONDRIA |
| WHAT IS THE MATRIX | IT IS A FLUID FILLEDCOMPARTMENT INSIDE OF THE INNER MEMBRANE. |
| WHERE DOES THE KREB CYCLE TAKE PLACE | IN THE MITOCHONDRIA |
| NAME THE STAGES OF | STAGE 1: GLUCOSE CONVERTED TO PYRUVIC ACID STAGE 2: STAGE 2 IS THE KREB CYCLE STAGE 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN/ATP SYNTHASE ACTION. |
| HOW ARE ELECTRONS CARRIED | BY NADH |
| WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF GLYCOLYSIS | THE SPLITTING OF GLUCOSE |
| GLYCOLYSIS OVERVIEW | 1STEP IN CELLULAR REPIRATION FOR BOTH ANAEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IS GLYCOLSYS |
| WHAT DOES GLYCO STAND FOR | GLUCOSE |
| what does lysis stand for | breakdown |
| glycolysis is? | the splitting up or breakdown of glucose. |
| where does glycolysis occur? | in the cytoplasm |
| Oxidation of Glucose(6C) to ? in glycolysis | Pyruvate (3U) |
| what is the activation step? | we need ATP to create ATP |
| 2 molecules of ATP is the reactants to start the breakdown of glycose | glucose+2 ATP yields 2 Pyruvate+4 ATP + 2 NADH |
| the 2 molecules of ATP supply the activation energy needed to start the reaction. | |
| the 2 ATP is the reactants and the product is what of the reaction | 4 ATP produced net gain of = 2ATP |
| 2 ATP molecules are invested to split a glucose into What??? | 2 (3 carbon)PGAL molecules |
| PGALS are converted and oxidized into what | 2 pyruvic ACID Pyruvate molecules |
| 2 NADH molecules are made (reduced) from what | 2NADH molecules are made from the acceptance of H+ and 2e- by the electron carrier NAD+ (Coenzyme) |
| what is NAD+ +H+ yields what? | NADH |
| NADH yields NAD+ + H | |
| 4 ATPs are made net totoal = | 2 ATPS |
| what is the oxidized form of NADH | NAD+ = oxidized form NADH = reduced form |
| what is Phosphorylation | addition of a phosphate |
| what is Phosphofructokinase(PFK)= | allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a second phosphate to fructose |
| ADP= | activator |
| ATP= | inhibiator |
| Anaerobic Respiration FERMENTATION WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? | GLYCOLYSIS ALCOHOL FERMENTATION OR LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION |
| WHERE DOES ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION OCCUR IN | THE CYTOPLASM |
| FERMENTATION OCCURS IN WHAT TYPES OF ORGANISMS | BACTERIA YEAST AND MOLD |
| THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FERMENTATION WRITE THE PROCESS ON A PIECE OF PAPER | |
| WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF FERMENTATION | ALCOHOL AND LACTIC ACID |
| IN ALCOHOL FERMENTATION HOW IS NADH USED | NADH IS OXIDIZED TO REDUCE ACETALDEHYDE TO FORM ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) |
| LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PROCESS WRITE IT DOWN | |
| DAIRY PRODUCTS USE BACTERIA TO PRODUCE WHAT | LACTIC ACID TO ASSIST IN MAKING CHEESE YOGURT |
| HOW IS PYRUVATE FROM GLYCOLIS REDUCED IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION | IT IS REDUCED BY THE OXIDATION OF NAH TO FORM LACTIC ACID |
| LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION OCCURS IN | SKETAL MUSCLE DURING STRENUOUS EXERCISE |
| WHEN IS LACTIC ACID BUILT UP IN MUSCLES | WHEN O2 IS DEPLETED CAUSING SORENESS AND FATIGUE IN THE MUSCHLES |
| BY INCREASING BLOOD FLOW TO THE SORE MUSCLES DOES WHAT | RESTORES OXYGEN LEVELS AND REMOVES LACTIC ACID BY SWITCHING TO AEROBIC RESPIRATION. |
| Aerobic Respiration what does it use to produce usable energy | oxygen |
| what is the first phase of Aerobic REspiration | Glycolysis (which is a anaerobic phase) Glucose+ 2 ATP yields Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH |
| what are the products of the first phase of Glycolysis | 2 ATP NADH Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) |
| what is the end product of the Pre - Kreb cycle preparation | Pyruvate which is the 3 Carbon end product of glycolysis . |
| the Pyruvate 3 Carbon end product of glycolsis enters what | the Matrix of the Mitrochondria |
| how is one Carbon released from Pyruvic Acid during the pre Kreb cycle preparation | the Carbon is released as CO2 |
| what is formed after the one Carbon of the Pyruvic Acid is released as C02 | one NADH molecule is formred. |
| The 2 carbon acetyl group joins with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA | |
| Pre -Kreb Preliminary Reaction Pyruvic Acid --- Acetyl CoA | so In out Pyruvate Co2 as wasted NAD+ NADH COA acetyl-CoA |
| Krebs Cycle- Citric Acid Cycle First stage of the Aerobic phase of cellular respiration Occurs where | In the Matrix of the Mitochondria |
| during the Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle a series of enzyme assisted reactions happen to extract | energy from the Pyruvic Acid. |
| The Kreb cycle process starts and finishes with the same what | 4 carbon compound called oxaloacetate |
| what does ozaloacetate (4 Carbons) join with to form Citric Acid (6 Carbon) | Acetyl CoA (2 Carbons) |
| the cycle continues further breaking down citric Acid on carbon at a time how is the carbon relased? | as C02 |
| electrons are transferred to electron carriers what are the names of the electron carriers | NAD+ and FAD |
| Citric Acid is finally rearranged to reform what | oxaloacetate |
| many high energy compounds are made during the Kreb Cycle | |
| how many times does the Kreb cycle go around? | twice |
| pre- kreb cycle totals 2 NADH GOES TO THE ETC | |
| 2 fadh2 GOES TO THE | ETC |
| 6 NADH GOES TO THE | ETC |
| 2 ATP USED BY THE | CELL |
| 4 CO2 ARE RELEASED AS WHAT | WASTE |
| ETC USES THE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS CARRIED IN THE FORM OF WHAT | NADH AND FADH2 TO CONVERT ADP INTO ATP |
| MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THOUSAND OF ETC | |
| ETC IS A COLLECTION OF CARRIER MOLECULES (INCLUDING CYTOCHROMES THAT ARE EMBEDDED IN THE WHAT OF THE MITICHONDRIA | CRISTAE MEMBRANE |
| ETC CARRIES ELECTRONS THROUGH A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS | |
| REDUCTION =GAIN ELECTRONS OXIDATION= LOSE ELECTRONS | |
| LEO SAYS GER | |
| NADH AND FADH2 ARE WHAT | COENZYMES THAT SHUTTLE PROTONS AND ELECTRONS FROM GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREB CYCLE TO THE ETC(ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN) |
| NAD+= OXIDIZED FORM NADH=REDUCED FORM FAD+= OXIDIZED FORM FADH2= REDUCED FORM | |
| THE PROCESS ELECTRONS FROM NADH AND FADH2 ARE PASSED THROUGH A SERIES OF CARRIER PROTEINS IN THE WHAT | cRISTAE (MITOCHONDRIA) |
| HOW IS ENERGY RELASED IN THE KREB CYCLE AS | THE PAIRS OF ELECTONS ARE PASSED DOWN THE ETC ENERGY IS USED TO PUMP H+ ACROSS THE CRISTAE MEMBRANE, CREATING A PROTON GRADIENT. |
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PH AS H+ COLLECTS AND BECOMES MORE ACIDIC? | the ph drops |
| chemiosmosis(oxidative Phosphorylation) uses the stored energy in the proton gradient to convert what? | ADPto ATP |
| dependent on ATP synthase a proton channel structure that can "spin like a turbine" | |
| as protons pass through the ATP Synthase Channel part of the molecule turns and attaches phophates to ADP molecules forming ATP | |
| O2 pulls electons through the ETC | |
| what does o2 combine with | combines with protons and electrons that flow down the ETC |
| what is produced as a waste product. | water |
| 1/2 02+ H2 yields what | water |
| write the equation of Aerobic Respiration | glucose + 6 o2 yields 6CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP |
| what is the use for respiraton | provides energy for organizms |
| Anaerobic Respirtion write the equation | glucose yields 2lactic acid + 2 ATP or glucose yields 2 alcohol+ 2 Co2 + 2 ATP |
| uses of Anaerobic Respiratin | Lactic Acid a) yogurt b) Bi product during exercise Alcohol beer wine co2 bread |
| what type of Respiration requires O2 | Aerobic |
| where does Aeorobic Respiration occur | in the Mitochondria |
| what is the gross ATP in Aerobic Respiration | 38 ATP (-2ATP) |
| what is the gross ATP in anarobic REspiration | 4 ATP (-2ATP) |
| what is the Net ATP in aerobic REspiration | makes 36 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose |
| what is the Net ATP in Anaerobic Respiration | makes 2 ATP from 1 molecule of Glucose |
| what is more efficient aerobic or anarobic respiration | Aerobic |
| Organsims are used by what in aerobic respiration | complex organisms Ex humans multicellular plants, some protists. |
| Organsims are used by what in anaerobic respiraton | used by small simple organisms and complex organisms when circulatory system is overburdened. |
| what is the waste product of Aerobic Respiration | Co2 |
| what is teh waste products of anaerobic Respiration | Coz and /or lactic acid or alcohol |
| Photosynthesis define nutrition | the activities by which an organism obtains,processes and uses food to carry on their life functions. |
| name the two types of nutrition in photosynthesis | Autotrophic Heterotrophic |
| Autotrophic Nutrition | organisms that produce their own food |
| what does autotropic nutrition use to produce their own food | light and or inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds |
| Type of Autotropic Nutrition | Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis chemotrophic |
| define photosynthesis | converts light energy to chemical energy utilized the sun energy to produce food |
| who is phototrophic | plants , algae, and certain bacteria |
| define chemosynthesis | obtain energy from the oxidation of sulfur and iron and it does NOT depend on the energy of the sun or Photosynthesis. |
| Chemotrophic- define it | bacteria in hostile envirnments Example Hydrothermal Vents instead of photosynthesis, vents ecosystems derive their energy from chemicals in a process called CHEMOSYNTHEISIS |
| IN CHEMOSYNTHESIS BOTH METHODS INVOLVE AN ENERGY SORCE | CO2 AND WATER TO PRODUCE SUGARS PHOTOSYNTHEISIS GIVES OFF OXYGEN WHILE CHEMOSYNTHESIS PRODUCES SULFUR. |
| WHAT IS THE DEFINTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS | PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIGHT ENERGY IS USED TO MAKE GLUCOSE |
| PHOTOSYNTHEIS IS CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY TO WHAT TYPE OF ENERGY | CHEMICAL ENERGY |
| WHY DOES PHOTOSYNTHEIS WHICH CONVERTS SOLAR ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY HAPPEN | THIS OCCURS BECAUSE ENERGY IS STORED IN CHEMICAL BONDS |
| WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION | PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
| WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IMPORTANT | FOOD PRODUCTION OXYGEN PRODUCTION |
| WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF PHTOSYNTHESIS | LIGHT INTENSITY AVAILABILITY OF WATER CO2 CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE |
| write the general reaction of Photosynthesis | 6Co2+12 H2o -) C6 H12 06 + 6 H20 + 6 O2 Reactants light products |
| how can we get light for the reaction of photosynthesis | light can be reflected, transmitted or absorbed light is required for photosynthesis |
| objects reflect the color of light that they appear. | ex Green leaves reflect green light |
| ojects that reflect colors cant absorb them. | green leaves reflect green light green leaves cant absorb green light. Green plants exposed to green light would die. |
| what is a PHOTON | a photon is a particle of light that emits energy |
| a photon of purple light has almost 2x as much energy as a photon of redlight. | |
| Why do we see colors? | Plants appear green because they relfect green light and absorb the other colors of the spectrum. |
| what do you call compounds that absorb and reflect wavelengths of light are called ? | pigments |
| what colors are being absorbed Reflected | Green is reflected absorbed all other colors |
| define pigment | substances that absorb light in the visable spectrum. |
| photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy and utilize it to carry out photosynthesis. | |
| different pigments absorb light at different wavelengths. | |
| a spectrophotometer can measure what | the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelenghs |
| what is the most abundant phtosynthetic pigment | cholorphyll |
| two types of Chlorophyll | Chlorophyll A |
| ChlorophyllA | is green pigment that participates directly in the light reaction of photosynthesis. light energy to chemical energy |
| Type2.Accessory pigments (antennae) | assist in Photosynthesis by capturing and passing on Photons of light to chlorophyll A. |
| Accessory pigments expand the range of light used to produce sugar. | |
| Name the types of accessory pigments | Chlorophyll B Green and absorbs all other wavelengths of light Carotenoids yellow organge and red found in carrots phycobilins : red found in red algae deep in the ocean. |
| how many phases of photo synthesis are there? | 2 |
| Phase 1 define it | The light reaction PHOTOLYSIS Photosystem 11pg80: Non cyclic photophosphorylation |
| what happens during Photosystem 11pg80 NonCyclic Photophosporylation | water split Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Cytochromes ATPAGE |
| In phase 1 photosystem 1 P700 : Cyclic photophosphophorylation what happens | electrons from photosystemII pass to photosystem1 Some return to ETC -) make more ATP others bind to NADP-) NADPH and used in the calvin cycle |
| Phase 2 Dark reaction Calvin Cycle | Ribulose biphosphate RuBP + CO2 + NADPH Rubisco - enzyme to catalyze reaction PGAL formed ATP from light reaction used |
| Light Reaction | main result: produce large amounts of ATP ADP + P -) ATP (Stored Energy) |
| true or false energy from food can be stored in the bonds that bind a posphate to the ADP molecule | True |
| ATP -) ADP + P (energy released) | stored energy is later released when the bond breaks between the ADP and P |
| what is the light equation of the flow of energy | Light-) chlorophyll ->energized electrons->ETC(electron transport chain)->proton gradient->ATP Synthase-> ATP |
| where does the light reaction occur | Thylakoid membrane specfically the granum of the chloroplasts |
| in the Thylakoid membrane light reaction occurs and does what | transforms light energy into Chemical energy |
| Role of Water; Photolysis define it | the splitting of water into electrons, protons and oxygen atoms |
| H2o->2H+ + 1/2 02 | |
| each component has a role in making sugar | |
| define the Roles Electrons | replace those lost by chlorophyll in the light - dependent reactions |
| protons (Hydrogen atoms) | pass through ATP synthase channels and get carried by NADP to the STROMA for the dark reaction |
| Oxygen | is released as a byproduct. |
| ATP production | ETC and Chemiosmosis |
| As Chlorophyll in the Grana absort light what happens | Electrons become energized they excape into the electron thransport chain |
| The energy created pumps protons across the Thylakoid membrane creating a proton gradient | |
| The Potential energy stored in the proton gradient is converted into ATP as electrons flow through the ATP Synthase Channel. | |
| Primary Pigments Absorbs and reflects wavelength | |
| where is the Pigment location: | photosystems photosystem 11 P680 photosystem 1 P700: 700nm |
| what is the primary Electron Carriers | NADPH, Proton Pump: (Chemiosmosis) |
| where do the electrons run | they run through Cytochrome in ETC |
| Linear Electron Flow Products what do they Produce , what do they generate | they produce 02 as a byproduct generate ATP (chemical energy) Generate NADPH- Hydrogen needed for Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle (reducing power) |
| what is another name for the calvin cyclle | they dark reaction |
| describe the Calvin Cycle | does not utilize light energy can occur during the day or night takes place in the Stroma of Chloroplasts |
| where does the Calvin Cycle occur | in the STroma of Chloroplasts |
| what was used from the light reaction? | ATP- energy source NADPH - reducing power * Hydrogen |
| write the simplified equation | C02 + H+(protons) + Electrons -> PGAL |
| how many phases are in the calvin cycle? | 3 |
| Name the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle? | 1. Fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration |
| the dark reaction has 3 phases Phase 1 CARBON FIXATION DEFINE IT | CARBON FIXATION: INCORPORATES C02 MOLECULE TO RUBP(RIBOLOSE BI PHOSPHATE) A 5 CARBPM SUGAR PRODUCT= 6 CARBON SUGAR WHICH SPLITS INTO A 3 CARBON SUGAR GP (BECAUSE IT IS UNSTABLE) |
| WHAT IS RIBISCO (RuBP Carbonxylase) is an | enzyme that catalyzes this reaction. |
| phase 2 Reduction | Each molecule receives a Phosphate (P) from the reduction of ATP |
| 6ATP ->ADP + 6P |
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