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OA Test II
Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the age-related changes that affect respiratory function? | There is a cumulative effect of previous disease processes and external influences (ie. Smoking) that may cause negative functional consequences only when they interact with age related changes, such as diminished immune response |
| What are the Upper respiratory structures? | Noses, Submucosal glands, and Trachea. |
| How does your nose change as you get older? | connective tissue in the nose has a retracted columella (the lower edge of the septum); it becomes poorly supported & has a downward tip; These changes may contribute w/ mouth breathing during sleep |
| Why do the submucosal glands secrete and the nasal turbinates become? | Submucosal glands—diminished secretions, these secretions are to dilute thick secretions, so mucus is thicker and more difficult to remove—nasal turbinates become smaller and there is reduced nasal blood flow so this leads to the perception of nasal stuf |
| The trachea is composed of ____ and changes how as you get older? | Trachea—cartilage becomes calcified, so trachea stiffens making it more difficult to expel stuff to protect lower airway—also OA have diminished efficiency of the gag reflex |
| How does the chest wall and musculoskeletal structures change as you get older? | Ribs & vertebrae become osteoporotic, the costal cartilage becomes calcified & the respiratory muscles become weaker. This means diminished respiratory efficiency & leads to the use of accessory muscles—particularly the diaphragm, so they become increasi |
| How do your lungs change as you get older? | Lungs become smaller and flabbier—there is a 4% loss of alveolar surface area per decade starting in 20s-30s; # of capillaries also diminishes and pulmonary capillary blood volume decreases and the mucosal bed (where diffusion takes place) thickens. |
| There is a 4% loss of alveolar surface area per decade starting in 20s-30s—this loss is called____? | Ductectasia |
| What happens to the air volumes & airflow rates as you age? | Air volumes are altered because of age related changes in chest wall and in lung elastic recoil; There is an age related decline in flow rates |
| What does oxygenation depend on? | Oxygenation depends on a close match between ventilation (the amount of air in lungs) and perfusion (the amount of blood flowing into the lungs) |
| Between the lower and upper lungs which is more likely to be compromised, so there is a mismatch of ventilation in the upper regions? | Lower lungs are more likely to be compromised than upper lungs, so there is a mismatch of ventilation & perfusion in the upper regions |
| The response to ___ & ___ is reduced by 40-50% between the third & eight decades and what happens as a result? | Response to hypoxia and hypercapnia; As a result of this diminished response, OA are more likely to show mental changes rather than breathlessness when blood gases are abnormal. |
| What risk factors affect respiratory function? | Smoking; Environmental factors (Dry air & Air pollutants); Occupational environment; Other age related changes (Kyphosis); Chronic illnesses; Obesity; medications |
| Functional consequences that affect respiratory function would be? | infections; smoking; tuberculosis; aging… |
| What nursing assessments should you make to detect lower respiratory infections? | (Hint: Display 17-2 page 370) Questions to identify risk factors for respiratory problems; opportunities for education about the disease and assessing overall function… |
| What are some questions that will identify risk factors for respiratory problems? | Have you had any respiratory problems; do you have family history of chronic lung disease; do you smoke |
| What is an example of a question that identifies opportunities for education about disease prevention and health promotion? | have you ever had the pneumonia vaccination or flu vaccine |
| What are some questions you can ask to assess over respiratory function? | do you have problems breathing; do you have any wheezing; do you ever fell as though you cant catch your breath |
| Nutrition; respiratory infections; respiratory dev. In early life; Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke are some other risk factors that have ___ significant effects on respiratory function than smoking does? | Less |
| What nursing interventions can you the nurse use to prevent disease and lower respiratory infections? | Education about pneumonia and influenza vaccines |
| A person who has diabetes or any chronic lung, heart, or kidney disease has an increase risk for ___ & ___? | Pneumonia and Influenza |
| If a pt has a hospitalization within the past year for heart or lung disease they have an increase risk for developing ___ & ___? | Pneumonia and Influenza |
| If a pt has Severe anemia or a debilitating condition or is confined to bed or has limited mobility then they have an increase risk for ___ & ___? | Pneumonia and Influenza |
| Residence in a nursing home or other group living setting as well as immunosuppressive medications increase the risk for ___ & ____? | pneumonia and influenza |
| What are some things a person can do to prevent respiratory infection? | wash your hands w/ antibacterial soap; avoid hand-mouth & hand-eye contact; avoid crowds in flu season; get vaccinated yearly; avoid inhailing air that has been contaminated w/ particles from cough or sneeze of someone w/ infection |
| T/F New vaccinations are developed every year, based on information about the strains of viruses from last year that are most likely to affect people during the current influenza season? | False They are not based on viruses from last year |
| T/F Vaccines are made from inactivated viruses and should have few or no side effects? | True |
| People who are allergic to ___&___ should NOT receive influenza immunizations? | eggs and egg products |
| Immunizations do not offer immediate protection because? | Because there is a 2-3 week delay in developing an antibody response |
| Every year, the manufacturers of the influenza vaccination provide recommendations as to the best time for administering the immunizations for optimal effectiveness. The best time is? | The best time is during the late fall, but the exact time period will vary slightly from year to year. |
| T/F Vaccines are not 100% effective, but they are helpful for most older people? | True |
| Influenza immunizations provide protection against? | Against the most serious viruses but not against all types of respiratory infections |
| What is the duration of the effectiveness of vaccinations? | The duration of effectiveness of vaccinations may be shorter than 6 months in some older people; therefore, one vaccination might not protect the person through the entire season |
| T/F Medicare pays for flu shots? | True |
| Pneumonia vaccinations are recommended for people older than? | Older than 65 years of age |
| Pneumonia vaccinations were considered one-time-only immunizations, but boosters are now being recommended for older adults who received their initial immunizations ___ years ago? | 5 or more years ago |
| T/F Side effects of the pneumonia vaccination may occur, but they are not serious & will subside within a few days? | True |
| What are some common side effects of pneumonia vaccination? | Common side effects include a slight fever accompanied by pain, redness, or tenderness at the injection site |
| T/F Pneumonia vaccinations are covered by Medicare & other health insurances? | True |
| The nutritional considerations that promote healthy lungs is to include foods high in ___? | Foods high in zinc and vitamins A, B-complex, C and E |
| What are some complementary and alternative care practices for promoting healthy respiratory system? | humidifier, vaporizer, air filter, mustard poultice, steam therapy; herbs (thyme, garlic, licorice, peppermint); aromatherapy (lemon, lavender, tea tree); Acupuncture; and homeopathic remedies for colds or coughs |
Created by:
cgwayland
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