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Carp115KeyBiochem
Prepare yourself for the Biochemistry section of the PA Keystone exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percent of your body is water? | 70-75% |
| What are the three states of matter that water can be found? | solid, liquid and gas |
| Why is water a great solvent? | due to its polarity |
| What type of molecules can desolve in water? | polar molecules and ions |
| What is meant by saying "water is polar"? | having a positive and negative end to each water molecule. |
| What is cohesion? | when water molecules tend to attract to each other and pull together |
| What causes surface tension? | cohesion of the polar water molecule |
| Why is a water spider able to "walk" on water? | The force of surface tension allows small organisms which are denser than water to be held on the surface of the water |
| What permits water to cling to other materials? | water's polarity |
| What type of bond permits capillary action? | hydrogen bonding |
| What three primary forces of water permit capillary action to occur in nature? | cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension |
| What is adhesion? | When water clings to other types of materials. |
| The property of absorbing significant energy before showing temperature is known as? | specific heat |
| What temperature does water boil at? | 212F or 100C |
| What temperature does water freeze? | 32F or 0C |
| What substance inside of the human body has a high specific heat and permits humans to survive in different types of climates? | water |
| As energy is added to water, the molecules tend to increase in vibration. What happens to the hydrogen bonds? | the hydrogen bond is broken |
| As hydrogen bonds are broken between water molecules, what happens to the water? | evaporation occurs |
| How does water evaporating from an organism benefit the organism? | it cools the organism by pulling heat away from it |
| Water is considered a good hydraulic fluid. What does this mean? | Water is used to expand and hold the cells rigid and erect. |
| for a molecule to be considered organic it must contain what atoms? | Carbon and hydrogen |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 12. How many protons, electrons and neutrons does it have? | 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons |
| Carbon has four electrons in its outer second shell. How many more electrons does carbon need to be stable? | 4 |
| Since carbon needs many extra electrons in its outer shell, what does this permit carbon to do? | to form four bonds with other atoms to make large, complex molecules |
| What are 2 other scientific terms which describe the building blocks of macromolecules? | monomer or subunit |
| What is another name for a macromolecule? | polymer |
| The monomer of a polysaccharide is known as? | monosaccharide |
| What is a monosaccharide? | simple sugar (simple carbohydrate) |
| What is a polysaccharide? | A complex carbohydrate typically a starch |
| What is the monomer of proteins? | amino acids |
| What do many amino acids bonded together form? | polypeptide chains |
| What do many polypeptide chains form? | protein |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA |
| Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules made of a distinctive carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ratio. What is the ratio? | 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | energy source for organisms |
| What type of foods are carbohydrates found? | grain, fruit and vegetables |
| Another common name for carbohydrates is? | sugars |
| Cellulose is complex carbohydrate. What is the function of cellulose? | provides structural support for plants |
| What are two examples of two common monosaccharides? | glucose and fructose |
| What is an example of a common disaccharide? | Sucrose |
| What is an example of a polysaccharides? | Starch |
| Non-polar, organic molecules that aren't soluble in water are called? | Lipids |
| What tends to be the monomer of lipids? | Fatty acids |
| What are three types of common lipids? | Phospholipids, Sterols, Glycerol |
| What type of lipids make up the lipid bi-layer of cell membranes? | phospholipids |
| What type of lipids tend to perform as hormones or signaling molecules? | sterols |
| What type of lipids store large amounts of energy? | Glycerol |
| What macromolecule is necessary to facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins? | dietary fats |
| What are the four fat-soluble vitamins? | A, D, E, K |
| What type of dietary fat helps with infant development, reduces cancer and cardiovascular disease? | Omega-3 |
| What type of dietary fat increases the bodies level of bad cholesterol and tends to clog arteries? | Saturated fats |
| What type of dietary fat increases the amount of good cholesterol and takes bad cholesterol to the liver to be broken down? | Unsaturated fat |
| What type of dietary fat is produced during the production of processed food and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease? | Trans fat |
| What macromolecule is the building block for most structures in the human body? | proteins |
| How many different types of amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What are the five major functions of proteins? | antibodies, enzymes, hormones, structural proteins, transport proteins |
| What type of protein travels through the blood stream and are used by the immune system to identify and defend against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign intruders? | Antibodies |
| What type of protein speeds up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy? | Enzyme |
| What type of proteins act as a messenger protein that helps to coordinate certain body activities? | hormones |
| What type of proteins provide support and include proteins that make bone, tendon and muscle? | Structural proteins |
| What type of proteins move molecules from one place to another in a body? | Transport proteins |
| What is the function of nucleic acids? | protein production and hereditary information storage |
| What does DNA stand for? | deoxyribonucleic acids |
| What does RNA stand for? | ribonucleic acids |
| What is the primary function of DNA? | Store hereditary information |
| What are three characteristics of DNA? | double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, and has the nitrogen base thymine |
| What is the primary function of RNA? | Protein production |
| What are three characteristics of RNA? | single stranded, ribose sugar, and has the nitrogen base uracil |
| What is a biological catalyst called? | Enzyme |
| What type of biochemical increases the speed of reaction by decreasing the activation energy? | enzyme |
| What would happen to an organism that is unable to produce enzymes? | chemical reactions within their bodies would not happen fast and the organism would die |
| Enzymes are said to have an allosteric nature. What does this mean? | This means that the enzyme will change shape whenever it binds to its specific substrate. |
| What is the molecule that a enzyme binds to called? | substrate |
| After a chemical reaction occurs and the substrate is broken down, what happens to the enzyme? | the enzyme molecule is unchanged and can be reused over and over |
| What type of energy is needed for a chemical reaction to occur? | activation energy |
| Enzymes are substrate specific. what does this mean? | This means that the enzyme can only work on that one substrate. For example: lactase only works on the sugar lactose |
| Due to the allosteric nature of enzymes, what part of the substrate does the enzyme bind? | active site |
| Due to the allosteric nature of enzymes, the active sites of the enzyme and substrate work just like what? | lock and key |
| What three factors affect the way enzymes function? | pH, temperature, concentration of substrate |
| How does pH affect enzymes? | When the pH changes, that active site progressively distorts and affects the enzyme's effect. (Just like a lock and key...if the enzyme doesn't fit properly into the active site..the enzyme doesn't function properly) |
| What happens to chemical reactions as the temperature increases? | the speed of the chemical reaction increases |
| At what temperature do most enzymes become ineffective? | Boiling temperatures |
| By increasing the amount of substrate added to the enzyme, what happens to the rate of chemical reaction? | speeds up |
| What does the pH scale measure? | The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| What is a substance that has a pH between 1-7 called? | Acid |
| What is a substance that has a pH of 7 called? | neutral |
| What is a substance that has a pH between 7-14 called? | base |
| What is another name for a substance that is a base? | alkaline |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| What is ATP used for by organisms? | short term energy storage |
| What are the three parts of an ATP nucleotide? | Adenine (nitrogen base) Ribose (5-carbon sugar) Phosphate groups |
| What is AMP? | Adenosine monophosphate - 1 phosphate group- acts like weak battery |
| What is ADP? | Adenosine diphosphate - 2 phosphate groups - acts like a dollar store battery |
| How many phosphate groups does ATP have? | three |
| If ADP is analogous to a dollar store battery, what is ATP analogous to? | a duracell lithium battery (very powerful) |
| What macromolecule is the fuel for cells? | ATP |
| After the energy is used in the ATP molecule, what does the molecule revert into? | ADP or AMP plus phosphate groups |
| ATP transport chemical energy in cells for what process? | metabolism |
| What three biological processes produce ATP? | photophosphorylation cellular respiration fermentation |
| When enzymes function, what type of energy do they use? | ATP |
| What processes use ATP? | metabolism motility cell division |
Created by:
carp115
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