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AP Euro Semester 1.2
10-20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vasco de Gama | pourtughese navigator, rounded tip of Africa, started war between Portuguese and Arab merchants |
| Behaim | made globe in 1492, suggested Cina might be reached by crossing Atlantic |
| Columbus | Portuguese, sponsered by Spain, discovered West Indies |
| Cortes | Spainish Conquistador of the Aztecs |
| Pizarro | Spainish Conquistador of the Incas |
| Pedro Cabral | Portuguese, disocvered Brazil and Philippine Islands |
| Magellan | found SW passge in 1520, his voyage circumnavigated globe |
| St. Francis Xavier | Jesuit missionary, 1550 he had baptized people in many Eastern countries |
| Albuquerque | Portuguese, 1st governor general |
| Treaty of 1494 | Spainish and Portuguese divided the globe between them by imaginary N and S line |
| Encomienda | Serfdom for Indians by Spainish |
| Potosi silver mines | in Peru, ownened by Spainish, financed the King of Spain's Projects |
| Fuggers | German family that grew extraordinarily wealthy from banking. |
| Charles V borrowed money from _______ | Fuggers loaned money to this HRE |
| Intercursus Magnus | Trade agreement between Henry VIII of England and Flanders |
| Ferdinand I | brother to Charles; inherited Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary and elected next HRE; so leader of Austrian Habsburgs |
| Philip II | son of Charles V; inherited everything Ferdinand didn’t; leader of Spanish Habsburgs; madly Catholic, key leader of Catholic counteroffensive |
| Cervantes | Don Quixote |
| Jesuit Suarez | author of works on philosophy, law, read even by Protestants |
| Archbishop of Toledo | powerful churchman of Spain’s religious capitol, could address king as equal |
| Queen Elizabeth & Spain = | Protestant leader in England who collaborated with the Netherlands in revolt against Catholic Spain |
| Duke of Alva | sent by Philip with 20,000 English Soldiers to the Netherlands as firmer governor general; suppressed dissidence with “Council of Troubles” |
| Duke of Norfolk | leader of rebellion against Queen Elizabeth by Catholics of England in 1569 |
| William of Orange: aka Willam the Silent | PhilipII’s “stadholder” or lieutenant in Holland; led Netherlands opposition against Spain after estate confiscated |
| Mary Queen of Scots | a Catholic who had been queen of France until husban’s death; queen of Scotland until driven out by Calvinist lords; Catholics wanted her queen of England; executed by Elizabeth 1587 |
| Don Juan | hero of victory at Lepanto; 1576 made governor general of Netherlands; wanted to re-conquer them and use them as a base to attack England |
| Prince of Parma | governor general 1578; used diplomacy to gain allegiance of 7 southern provinces, splitting unity of Netherlands |
| Earl of Leicester | leader of 6,000 English troops Elizabeth sent to assist the Netherlands in 1585 |
| Sir Francis Drake | “sea dog” and explorer who sailed into port of Cadiz to burn ships joining the armada, “singing the beard of the king of Spain”; vice- admiral of English fleet sent to defeat the Spanish armada |
| Lord Howard of Effingham | leader of the English fleet sent to defeat Spanish armada in 1588-ish |
| Siglo del oro | the golden age of Spain (1550-1650) |
| The Escorial | Philip II’s palace |
| The Council of Troubles | est. by Duke of Alva in 1567 to suppress religious and political dissidents in the Netherlands |
| Battle of Lepanto | 1571 off the coast of Greece; Spanish naval battle against Turks |
| St. Bartholomew’s Eve Massacre | 1572; over 3,000 Huguenots put to death with advice of pope and Philip II |
| Union of Utrecht | 1579; seven northern provinces responded to prince of Parma by uniting |
| United Provinces of the Netherlands | what the Union of Utrecht called itself when it united in 1581 (aka Dutch Republic or Holland) |
| Spanish Armada | ready early 1588; experienced crushing defeat by the English due to poor commander, ships incapable of surviving northern weather, multilingual crew |
| Twelve Years’ Truce | 1609; the Netherlands were partitioned: 7 northern provinces Dutch and Protestant (but tolerant), 10 southern Spanish Netherlands and Catholic |
| The Catalan War | 1560; Catalonia rose in rebellion; French aided the rebels across the Pyrenees; lasted for 20 years and re-conquered, but retained separate culture, prompting division |
| King Henry II of France | opposed to the Huguenots, and in the 1550’s he starts burning them. In 1559, he dies, and the lack of a strong monarch is one of the principle causes of France’s disintegration. |
| Catherine de’ Medici | Henry II’s wife, from Italy, tries to rule through her 3 sons, but they keep dying and weren’t very good rulers anyway. |
| Admiral de Coligny | Huguenot Admiral |
| Guise family | Catholic family that fought against Huguenots |
| Jean Bodin | idealizes the politique movement, and urged people to establish a single government to maintain order |
| Henry of Navarre | 1st Bourbon king, he converted to Catholicism in order to gain entry to Paris |
| Edict of Nantes | legalized Protestantism in France and allowed Protestants to control their own cities and keep their own armies |
| Cardinal Richelieu | Rules as regent for Louis XIII, . He establishes mercantilist theories encouraging trade, supporting commercial companies like those in England and the Netherlands. Maintained internal order |
| Peace of Alais | 1629, peace between Huguenots and Catholics |
| Gustavus Adolphus | King of Sweden |
| Matthias | the Holy Roman Emperor, overthrown by the Czechs |
| Ferdinand II | The successor to Matthias |
| Wallenstein | A lord hired by Ferdinand to defend the empire |
| Louis XIV | Sun King, king of France from 1643 to 1715, absolute monarch; made France the strongest country in Europe |
| Charles II | king of Spain from 1665 to 1700; sickly and impotent; last of the Spanish Habsburg line |
| William III/William of Orange; | Dutch king of England and enemy of Louis XIV |
| Hugo Grotius | Law of War and Peace |
| Baruch Spinoza | he wrote about philosophy and was considered pantheist. He rejected revelations and miracles, and much of his work was censored—his influence spread slowly. |
| Leeuwenhoek | used a microscope to recognize animal cells. |
| Christian Huyghens | He improved the telescope and clocks, discovered Saturn’s rings, and launched the wave theory of light. |
| William II | from the house of Orange, died in 1650. No new stadholder elected for 22 years. |
| William III “of Orange” | In 1672, he was elected stadholder. He tried to centralize the government and approach absolute monarch.. he married Mary Stuart, the king of England’s niece. In 1689, he became king of England and tried to limit France’s power as much as possible. |
| Dutch West India Company | founded in 1621 to exploit the loosely held riches of Spanish and Portuguese America. They had mixed results when trying to settle in Brazil and the Caribbean. |
| Bank of Amsterdam | founded in 1609 to try to standardize currency. It accepted the miscellaneous currency minted by various governments and private holders and distributed gold florins. Became financial center of Europe. |
| Navigation Act | passed by the British in 1651 to choke the Dutch shipping business. |
| Triple Alliance | – group of the Dutch, English, and Sweden after Louis XIV’s attempt to gain the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté by claiming certain rights of his Spanish wife. |
| Nimwegen Peace treaty | signed in 1678, allowing the Dutch to keep their territory intact but conceding to Louis the coveted Franche-Comté and towns in Flanders. |
| James I | o Preferred monarchy where king, as father to his people, looked after their welfare as he saw fit, standing above all parties, private interests, and pressure groups. |
| The True Law of Free Monarchy | James I |
| George Fox | Founded Quakers |
| Oliver Cromwell | devout Puritan, Put Charles I to death, ruled England as Lord Protector |
| Rump | Left after Cromwell broke up Parliament, 50 people |
| Prides Purge | when Cromwell broke up Parliament |
| Charles II of England | becomes king in 1660, , excludes Puritans from gov’t and economy, very Catholic leanings |
| Ship-Money | Charles I wished to maintain a navy in times of peace and asked for money from non-coastal places, Parliament = :( |
| Solemn League and Covenant | made religion in Scotland, England, and Ireland mandatorily uniform. Each became Protestant |
| Roundheads: | Parliamentary forces during the revolution. |
| James II | openly Catholic and appointed Catholics to public office disregarding the Test Act, hated by subjects |
| William and Mary | r. 1689-1702, offered throne of England, ____was Dutch king looking to use England as a base against his arch-enemy France |
| Act of Settlement of 1662 | makes each parish responsible for its own poor |
| Treaty of Dover | 1670, Charles II and Louis XIV sign a treaty in which Charles vowsto help Louis fight the Protestant Dutch |
| “Declaration of Indulgence” | used by Charles II to promote Catholicism in England |
| Test Act | enacted by Parliament in 1673, makes it impossible for Catholics to hold public office or be in armed forces |
| Whig party | anti-king, anti-Catholic, comprised of upper aristocracy seeking power and plotting to keep James II from the throne |
| Tory party | pro-king, comprised of lower aristocracy that could benefit by king though they eventually turned on him |
| Boyne River | 1690, battle at which James II was defeated by William |
| Bill of Rights | 1689, huge limits to royal power (ex: right to due process for all, king can’t suspend laws, Parliament is in charge of taxation) |
| Act of Settlement of 1701 | declares no Catholic can ever be King of England |
| Toleration Act | 1689, permits Puritans to practice their faith but they can’t hold public office |
| Act of Union | Act in 1707 |
| “Penal code” | extreme restrictions on Irish Catholics, benefits England by removing Ireland as economic competition |
| Bank of England | 1694 - becomes powerful economic force because the bankers/landholders run Parliament and thus make economic conditions favorable for themselves |
| Glorious Revolution | revolution of 1688 in which Parliament ousted James and placed William and Mary on the throne |
Created by:
melissaunicorn