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Envr10 - Principles
Biology and the Environment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Term defines the number of all plant and animal species in the world (8,700,000, give or take 1.3 million). | Biodiversity |
| How many species are found on land? | 6.5 million species |
| How many species are found in the oceans? | 2.2 million species (about 25% of the total) |
| How many land species have yet to be found? | 86% of all species on land |
| How many ocean species have yet to be found? | 91% species in the oceans |
| What is the estimated rate of extinction every 24 hours? | between 50 and 200 species. |
| Who said: “… Humanity’s narcissism that we know the number of books in the US library of Congress… But to not know how many distinct species of plants and animals we share our world with” | Lord May |
| What is the science of grouping and naming organisms? | Taxonomy |
| What provides a way to understand our planet and the scientific language to discuss it? | Taxonomy |
| A way of grouping organisms based on similarities? | Classification |
| The classification system used today that was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. | binomial nomenclature |
| Reliable filing system for understanding organisms. | Binomial Nomenclature |
| An explanatory system that provides reasons for the joint attributes of taxa, gaps and hierarchies. | Binomial Nomenclature |
| A predictive system to describe, explain and categorize new or little known organisms in detail, and trace their evolution (approximate). | Binomial Nomenclature |
| T/F – In Binomial Nomenclature, each organism/species can be identified by their scientific names | True |
| Organisms in the same ________ can reproduce and produce similar offspring. | species |
| What language is used in binomial classification? | Latin |
| T/F – genus/species is noun/adjectives e.g. canis lupus = Grey wolf. | True |
| Classification takes the form of a __________ | hierarchy |
| T/F – Each lower taxon is not a subset of taxa above it. | False |
| All species in the genus have some shared ____________ or _______ _________. | characteristics or common ancestors |
| Organs do not perform the same functions, but have the same basic structure and are found in the same part of the body and develop in similar ways. What is this? | Homology |
| The functions organs/limbs are different, but the homology provides a basis for _________ these animals together. | grouping |
| The use of homology and embryogenesis as a basis for taxonomy was further substantiated by what theory? | Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in 1859 |
| All creatures having homologous organs are related to one another, having inherited their homologous organs from a ______ _______ | common ancestor |
| Organisms sharing the largest number of _______ features are grouped together. | homologous |
| The final groups would then be organized into larger groups with all members sharing a smaller number of ___________ features. | homologous |
| The use of homology and embryogenesis as a basis for taxonomy was further substantiated by what more recent scientific technology? | DNA |
| Molecules are composed of “base pairs” | DNA |
| DNA – T | thiamine |
| DNA - A | adenine |
| DNA - G | guanine |
| DNA - C | cytosine |
| The sequence of ____ ____ is specific to each molecule of DNA. | base pairs |
| The sequence of base pairs is code for the making of ______. | proteins |
| Proteins result in the ________ characteristics of an organism, e.g. blue eyes. | phenotypic |
| These are specific areas of a chromosome comprised of DNA. | Genes |
| The DNA of an organism contains some sequences that are _______ to that organism, as well as many sequences that are _____ among other organisms. | unique, shared |
| The more DNA sequences that organisms have in _________, the more closely they are related to one another. | common |
| Just as species may be grouped together in a common genus, a number of related genera can be grouped in other groups (based on similarities). | Taxonomy Categories |
| Taxonomic Categories – K is for | Kingdom |
| Taxonomic Categories – P is for | Phylum |
| Taxonomic Categories – C is for | Class |
| Taxonomic Categories – O is for | Order |
| Taxonomic Categories – F is for | Family |
| Taxonomic Categories – G is for | Genus |
| Taxonomic Categories – S is for | Species |
| Evolutionary history or similarities between modern and fossil organisms. | Phenology (Determining Factors of Taxonomic Categories) |
| Similarities in developmental stages. | Development (Determining Factors of Taxonomic Categories) |
| Closely related species have similar DNA. | Biochemistry (Determining Factors of Taxonomic Categories) |
| Similar behavioral patterns. | Behavioral (Determining Factors of Taxonomic Categories) |
| What are the two domains? | Eukaryote and Prokaryote |
| Lack a cell nucleus | Prokaryote |
| Cells with a nucleus | Eukaryote |
| The Six Kingdoms are? | Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plants, Animals |
| True bacteria. Microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotes (without a nucleus) | Eubacteria |
| Ancient bacteria. Microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotes that live in harsh environments. | Archaebacteria |
| Unicellular and multicellular. Some are plant-like and some are animal-like. They are all eukaryotic (have a nucleus). | Protista |
| Heterotrophic (obtains food). Consumer that absorbs nutrients from decomposing organisms. Eukaryotic (with a nucleus). | Fungi |
| Stationery. Autotrophic. Multicellular. Eukaryotes that photosynthesize and produce oxygen. | Plants |
| Multicellular. Heterotrophs (i.e. they rely on other organisms further nourishment). Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity. | Animals |
| The study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals at different taxonomic levels, past and present, and the habitats in which they occur, and the ecological relationships involved. | Biogeography |
| Phytogeography is | plant distributions |
| Zoogeography | animal distributions |
| Organisms and biological communities vary in a highly irregular fashion along geographic radiance of these factors: | Latitude, Elevation, Isolation, Habitat area |
| These historical factors which cause species separation include: | Speciation, Extinctions, Glaciation, Continental drift, Sea level changes, Human factors |
| These geographic factors which cause species separation include: | Physical barriers (deserts, mountains), Habitat, Carrying capacity, Isolation, Climate, Human factors |
| One common ancestor has given rise to two or more different types of organisms (think of a family tree). | Divergent Evolution |
| Two totally unrelated lines may come closely to resemble each other. | Convergent Evolution |
| Similar climate has led to _________evolution, but unrelated (by definition) types of species. | convergent |
| A big topic in this course because we fragment our environment. | Island Biogeography |
| Human activity creates “islands” of _______ | wildlife |
| Lake surrounded by dry land is an example of? | Island Biogeography |
| Mountain surrounded by deserts is an example of? | Island Biogeography |
| Habitat surrounded by human-altered landscapes is an example of? | Island Biogeography |
| Most knowledge of the natural world came from explorers and collectors when? | Pre-1900s |
| Naturalists had basic facts of animal and plant distribution, and a model and the mechanism were required/developed to explain it… when? | 19th Century |
| The so-called father of (animal) zoogeography who formulated his ideas on evolution by natural selection while observing and collecting wildlife in the islands of Southeast Asia. | Alfred Russel Wallace (1870) |
| Described several biogeographic realms. | Alfred Russel Wallace (1870) |
| He studied hundreds of thousands of animals and plants, carefully noting exactly where he had found them? | Alfred Russel Wallace (1870) |
| The patterns he found were compelling evidence for evolution. He was struck by how rivers and mountain ranges marked the boundaries of many species ranges. | Alfred Russel Wallace (1870) |
| A barrier that prevents the migration of species. | Biogeographical Barriers |
| Various disjunctive geographical groupings of plants and animals are usually limited by one or more such barriers which may be climatic, or physical. | Biogeographical Barriers |
| Term that defines a biological subdivision of the earth’s surface. | Biogeographical Regions (Realms) |
| Specific areas of the earth’s surface containing distinct groups of animals and plants. | Biogeographical Regions (Realms) |
| Interchange of organisms between regions is normally prevented by some form of natural barrier (ocean, desert, mountain range). These areas are | Biogeographical Regions (Realms) |
| There are how many major biogeographic regions | Six |
| All of these encompass major landmasses | The six major biogeographic regions |
| All of these are separated by major barriers. | The six major biogeographic regions |
| Major differences between _______ reflect a long periods of isolation | The six major biogeographic regions |
| All of the _______ share some families of plants and animals in common | The six major biogeographic regions |
| These biogeographic regions are closely related and sometimes classed together as the Holarctic. | Palearctic and Nearctic Realms |
| These biogeographic regions extend south to the Tropic of Cancer (North America) the Himalayas (Asia), and the Sahara (Africa). | Palearctic and Nearctic Realms |
| These biogeographic regions have similar climate and vegetation. | Palearctic and Nearctic Realms |
| These biogeographic regions have many animals in common (especially in northern parts). Some examples include Wolf, grizzly bear, moose, elk and bison. | Palearctic and Nearctic Realms |
| These biogeographic regions have few unique or endemic animals. | Palearctic and Nearctic Realms |
| This biogeographic region extends from southern Mexico, the West Indies and the southern tip of Florida and southwards. | Neotropical Realm |
| This biogeographic region has high endemism, uniqueness greater than 50%. | Neotropical Realm |
| This biogeographic region has had long isolation | Neotropical Realm |
| Endemic species of this biogeographic region includes ant eater, sloth, armadillo, toucan, camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicunya), rodents (capybara). | Neotropical Realm |
| This biogeographic region is in sub-Saharan Africa. | Ethiopian Realm |
| This biogeographic region is in contact with Palaearctic but has many differences. | Ethiopian Realm |
| This biogeographic region lacks bears, camels, dear. Endemic’s include monkeys, reptiles and large mammals. | Ethiopian Realm |
| This biogeographic region extends from the South and Southeast Asia as far as Wallace’s Line. | Oriental Realm |
| A small and relatively unvaried region which overlaps with the Ethiopian realm, and has many widespread plant and animal groups. | Oriental Realm |
| Some endemics of this biogeographic region include tapir, peafowl and chickens. | Oriental Realm |
| This biogeographic region includes australia and many islands to the north, to Webers Line. | Notogaean Realm |
| This biogeographic region has many endemic’s, all non-flyers and non-swimmers. | Notogaean Realm |
| This biogeographic region has had very long isolation. | Notogaean Realm |
| This biogeographic region has marsupials (kangaroo). Reptiles (many venomous snakes). Parents (fill the niche of woodpeckers and excavating cavities). | Notogaean Realm |
| This biogeographic sub-region exists within Wallace’s line between Borneo and Celebes (West) and Weber’s line which is between Papua New Guinea and Bali (East). | Wallacea |
| This biogeographic sub-region is the transition zone between Oriental realm and Australian realm. | Wallacea |
| This biogeographic sub-region has some unusual endemic species which include the Komodo dragon on the island of Komodo | Wallacea |
| There is much overlap of realms in Wallacea due to: | Isolation caused by tectonic movement |
| This biogeographic sub-region is similar to New Zealand, Antarctica and other remote islands. This is a “continental” island isolated for a long time. | Madagascan |
| This biogeographic sub-region has more than 90% of endemic species | Madagascan |
| These are regions of distinctive fauna. They are based on the taxonomic or phylogenetic relationships of animals | Zoogeographic Provinces |
| Nearctic, Palaearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian are | Zoogeographic Provinces |
| The largest natural units determined for flowering plants according to the coincidence of distribution areas of unrelated taxa. | Floristic Kingdoms |
| Boreal, Neotropical, Paleotropical, South African, Australian, Antarctic | Floristic Kingdoms |
| Species that have a worldwide distribution. | Cosmopolitan |
| These species may be restricted to specific habitats, but occur on most continents. | Cosmopolitan Species |
| Examples include killer whales and humans. | Cosmopolitan |
| The ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation, or other defined zone. | Endemism |
| Physical, climatic and biological factors can contribute to _______ (e.g. species of finches restricted to the Galapagos Islands). | Endemism |
| Refers to a species that was formerly widespread but is now restricted to a smaller area. Hint: a sub-category of species distribution. | Paleoendemism |
| Refers to a species that has recently arisen, such as a species that has diverged and become reproductively isolated, or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. Hint: a sub-category of species distribution. | Neoendemism |
| Distributions where clearly related species (or even the same species) are found in different areas (e.g. marsupials are found in Australia and South America). | Disjunct distributions |
| Species growing or occurring in many parts of the world. Widely distributed. Broad habitat, occurring almost everywhere. | Cosmopolitan Distribution |
| Organisms usually fly, swim or can be carried. Examples: insects, gulls, sharks, mice, etc. | Cosmopolitan Distribution |
| Area occupied by groups of species which consists of a single region, or a number of regions adjacent to one another. | Continuous Distribution |
| Species distribution that is usually explained by climatic or biotic factors. | Continuous Distribution |
| Species distribution may be zonal, eg. moose in northern temperate zone, which range from Alaska to the eastern tip of Newfoundland and Labrador. | Continuous Distribution |
| Cosmopolitan, Continuous, Discontinuous (clumped), Scattered, Endemic are | Patterns of distribution |
| Areas occupied by species are widely separated or scattered over a particular continent or the world. | Discontinuous (clumped) Distribution |
| Patterns of distribution which have some disjunct populations that occur in specific localities, such as old Native American villages or campgrounds. Usually habitat dependent. | Discontinuous (clumped) |
| Patterns of distribution that are local and restricted by habitat. | Scattered Distribution |
| Patterns of distribution where species often less adaptable or range may be shrinking. | Scattered Distribution |
| Most restricted patterns of distribution. | Endemic Distribution |
| Range of the parent population in this pattern of distribution often very limited. | Endemic Distribution |
| Patterns of distribution that have unique species on islands, e.g. Komodo dragon. | Endemic Distribution |
| Processes involved in patterns of distribution | Natural Selection, Hybridization, Adaptive Radiation |
| A mechanism of evolution. | Natural Selection |
| Nature selected the best adapted varieties to survive and to reproduce. | Natural Selection |
| Only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit their genetic characteristics in increasing numbers to succeeding generations. | Natural Selection |
| In this process of distribution, those species less adaptive tend to be eliminated. | Natural Selection |
| Can occur naturally in this process of distribution | Hybridization |
| Can be facilitated by man to encourage certain genetic traits in this process of distribution | Hybridization |
| In this process of distribution, branching evolution in which different populations of the species become reproductively isolated from each other by adapting to different ecological niche is and eventually become separate species. | Adaptive Radiation |
| In this process of distribution, there is one ancestral species, the divergence occurs and there is some extinction which occurs, and multiple descendent species also occur | Adaptive Radiation |
| Isolation (Geographic and Climatic) and Speciation are mechanisms for | Biogeographic Distribution |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by a permanent barrier (desert, water body, mountain range) | Geographic Isolation |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by Earth’s forces (mountain building, plate tectonics, glaciation) | Geographic Isolation |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by altitude, humidity, wind and temperature. | Climatic Isolation |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by: isolation + time + genetic variation define | Speciation |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by: single parent population. Isolated by a barrier. Population meets with different conditions. | Speciation |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by atural genetic variation in population. | Speciation |
| Natural selection favors individuals best adapted to conditions, e.g. longer, denser fur in colder climates is which biogeographic distribution | Speciation |
| Biogeographic distribution caused by eventual divergence (both morphological and genetic). | Speciation |
| The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. | Founder Effect |
| Due to the small sample size, the new population could have a much different genetic ratio than the original population. | Founder Effect |
| Factor influencing plant and animal distribution in Ontario (esp. 12,000 years ago): | Glaciation |
| Contemporary flora and fauna in Ontario is highly influenced by present day | Temperature, Rainfall, Soil type |
| GDD | growing degree days |
| The study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events, and how these are influenced by seasonal and inter annual variations in climate | Phenology |
| What tool is used in the phenology? | GDD, growing degree days |
| Is used to predict the date that a flower will bloom or a crop will reach maturity under normal conditions (i.e. in the absence of extreme conditions such as unseasonable drought or disease or temperature variants) | GDD, growing degree days |
| Different zones where various types of trees, shrubs and flowers will most likely survive in a specific climatic region. | Plant Hardiness Zones |
| Based on the average climatic conditions of an area. | Plant Hardiness Zones |
| The plant hardiness map is based on Canadian plant survival data in the range of climatic 7 variables, including: | Minimum winter temperatures. Length of the frost free period. Summer rainfall. Maximum temperatures. Snow cover. January rainfall. Maximum wind speed. |
| T/F - The new plant hardiness map does not indicate that there have been changes that are generally consistent with what is known about climate change. | False |
| How many separate rainfall “zones” are there in Ontario? | There are 4 to 5 separate rainfall “zones” in Ontario. |
| How many of the four major soil groups are in Ontario? | Three in Ontario |
| How many different soil classifications are there in the Lindsay area? | 37 different soil classifications |
| The three soil groups in Ontario: | Luvisols, Podzols, Organic Tundra Soils |
| This soil group is/has: Gray-brown, typical of cool-temperate, moist climate. Deciduous forest. Leaching is minimal. South of Lake superior. | Luvisols (Podzolic Alfisols) |
| Is the washing of organics and minerals out of soil by rainfall and percolation. Soils become more acidic due to a buildup of humus and humic acids. | Leaching |
| This soil group is/has: Very thin organic layer overlaying leached soil. Typical of cool, moist climate under coniferous forests. Located between Lake Superior and north to Hudson’s Bay lowlands. | Podzols |
| This soil group is/has: Thick organic layer. Develop in wet conditions. Often overlying a layer of permafrost. Hudson and James Bay lowlands. | Organic Tundra Soils (Fibrisols) |
| New Liskeard clay plaines. Bethany sand dunes. Organic “wetland” soils (Holland marsh, Point Pelee) are? | Special Areas of Soil Types in Ontario |
| A major regional ecological climax community of plants and animals is a | Biome |
| The largest geographic biotic unit that is also known as “major life zones” | Biome |
| A major community of plants and animals with similar life-forms and environmental conditions is a | Biome |
| Is named for the dominant type of vegetation (grasslands, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, etc.). | Biome |
| Eastern deciduous forest (Carolinian). Great Lakes (St. Lawrence low lands). Boreal. Northern transition zone (boreal barrens) are: | Four Major Biomes “Eco-Zones” in Ontario |
| This major biome in Ontario has: The Carolinian zone. Narrow corridor or bordering the north shore of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Encompasses Prince Edward County, Guelph and grand Bend. | Eastern Deciduous Forest |
| This biome is dominated by cold-tolerant hardwood species: Maples, Oak and Beech trees | Eastern Deciduous Forest |
| This biome has the following endemic tree species: Tulip tree, Sycamore, Black Walnut, Kentucky coffee tree and Flowering dogwood | The Eastern Deciduous Forest |
| Several subdivisions such as Oak-Hickory climax biome, Beech-Maple biome and Hemlock-northern hardwoods biome occur in which biome | Eastern Deciduous Forest biome |
| Forest type of this biome is mixed deciduous/coniferous but primarily deciduous. | Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands |
| Many tree species of this biome are similar to the Carolinian, especially sugar Maple, American Beech, etc. but without the Carolinian endemics. | Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands |
| Wildlife of this biome includes White-tailed deer, skunk, bobcat, red fox and many resident and migrating birds. | Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands |
| Special areas of this biome include Frontenac axis, Presque Isle, Alvars, Manitoulin/Bruce | Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands |
| A strip of exposed Precambrian rock which is about 50 km long and runs through southern Ontario and ends in upstate New York. | Frontenac axis in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands |
| This feature contains thin soils and limestone plains (Cardin plains) | Alvars |
| Canada’s largest and most dominant biome. This biome has many lakes. | Boreal Forest (Taiga) |
| This biome is located north of Lake superior to James Bay and Hudson’s Bay | Boreal Forest (Taiga) |
| Typical tree species in this biome include Black spruce, Balsam fir, Willows and alders, Poplars and Birch (in the south end) | Boreal Forest (Taiga) |
| This feature is comprised of a soupy layer of decomposing vegetation on the forest floor. Typically 3 to 4 m deep, and often covered in Moss. | Muskeg, found in Boreal Forest (Taiga) |
| This biome has many similar species to the Great Lakes-lower St. Lawrence biome, and also has Wolverines, Pine Marten, Wolf, links, boreal chickadee, Gray Jay, moose, caribou. | Boreal Forest (Taiga) |
| This biome is also known as “Boreal barrens” and is dominated by fens and bogs. | Northern Transition Zone – Tundra |
| In this biome, the winters are long and cold (-39°C Fort Smith, Northwest Territories) and, summers are short and hot. | Northern Transition Zone – Tundra |
| Summer growth is limited in this biome | Northern Transition Zone – Tundra |
| Plant species in this biome include: Shrubby plants, lichens, mosses, grasses. Alder, Willow. Stunted conifers in sheltered locations. | Northern Transition Zone – Tundra |
| Wildlife in this biome includes: Polar bear, arctic hare, snowy owl. Many migratory birds, ducks, wading or shorebirds. | Northern Transition Zone – Tundra |
| The process by which natural habitat (land/aquatic) is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there. | Habitat Loss |
| Outright loss, degradation and fragmentation. These are three forms of what? | Habitat Loss |
| How much of the temperate rain forests in the world remain today? | only 50% (75,000,000 acres) |
| Every second a segment of rainforest the size of a ____ _____ is destroyed. | football field |
| How much of the 6 million sq. mi. of tropical rain forest remains today? | 2.6 million sq. mi. |
| How much of the tropical rainforest species will be lost per decade | 5 to 10% |
| Agriculture. Mining. Logging. Hydroelectric dams. Urbanization. Pollution. Climate change. Invasive species. Oil spills. | The major anthropogenic causes of deforestation |
| Floods. Tsunamis. Volcanic eruptions. Climate changes. Earthquakes. Forest fires. | The major natural causes of deforestation |
| What % of Southern Ontario’s largest in land wetlands have been lost. In some regions the loss is greater than ___%. | 72% and 90% |
| Only __% of the original tallgrass prairie and savanna in Ontario remains today. | 3% |
| In southern Ontario, less than ___% of the land base (forest stands) is in stands older than 120 years old. | .07% |
| In the GTA and the Golden Horseshoe, total deforestation in 10 years was over ________ha, or a ___% drop in all forest types. | 43,430ha or a 41% |
| These forests are forests that have accumulated specific characteristics related to tree size, canopy structure, snags and Woody debris and plant associations. | Old Growth |
| These forests have attained great age without significant disturbance, and thereby exhibit unique ecological features and may be classified as a climax community. | Old Growth |
| Tree age of Eastern Hemlock | 600+ years |
| Tree age of White Pine | 450+ years. |
| Tree age of Eastern White Cedar | 400+ years. |
| Tree age of Red Pine | 350+ years. |
| Tree age of Sugar Maple | 300+ years. |
| Super canopy trees. Canopy trees. Understory trees. Shrubs and saplings. Decaying wood. Ground cover. Organic litter. Pits and mounds. Cavity trees. Snags. These comprise? | The Structure of the Old Growth Forests |
| Habitats for forest species and wildlife communities. Sources of habitat diversity. Living examples of how natural forests work. These are? | Costs/Benefits of Habitat |
| Sources of inspiration and heritage appreciation. Resources for education and benchmark sites for scientific research. Biodiversity. Economic resources | Costs/Benefits of Habitat |
| “Humanity’s destruction of tropical habitat for agriculture… Has inflated earth’s normal background extinction rate by as much as 1000 times.” Who said this? | Kurt Sternlof |
| Areas are destroyed by: Clearcutting. Slash and burning are what kind of habitat loss? | Outright Loss |
| Destructive activities include selective logging, and causes what kind of habitat loss?. | Degradation |
| Activity that includes vegetation removal, and damage causes erosion and deprives native species of food, shelter and breeding areas. | selective logging (Degradation Habitat Loss) |
| This habitat loss is caused by fragmentation of a formerly continuous area of habitat (think mainland) which is broken into discontinuous fragments (think Islands), each smaller than the original. | Habitat Fragmentation |
| With this habitat loss, isolated patches of forest lose species much more quickly than patches connected to the main forest. | Habitat Fragmentation |
| T/F - As the total area of forest fragment become smaller, the affected edge becomes proportionately larger. | True |
| Decrease in habitat area (both total and within fragments) and richness/diversity loss. This is caused by: | Habitat Fragmentation |
| Increase in isolation of remaining populations can cause genetic and demographic effects. This is caused by: | Habitat Fragmentation |
| Degradation of habitat value (edge effects). This is caused by: | Habitat Fragmentation |
| Decrease in species ranges (lack of corridors) is caused by? | Habitat Fragmentation |
| Increased predation, such as smaller wood lands with a higher percentage of edges which house a variety of predators that thrive at forest edges and far more prevalent in fragmented forests. This is? | Edge Effects |
| Food sources diminish due to increased wind and drying of soil in edges which causes a reduction in insect populations (e.g. subsequent loss of food source for songbirds). This is? | Edge Effects |
| Nest predation rates vary in proportion to distance of nest from an edge. This edge effect is cuased by | Habitat Fragmentation |
| What is one solution to habitat fragmentation? | Habitat Corridors |
| There is a great vulnerability during movements between isolated patches of habitat. This is a problem of | Habitat Fragmentation |
| Flow of genetic material towards one area to another is more difficult. This is a problem of | Habitat Fragmentation |
| This can cause barriers for wildlife migration. | Habitat Fragmentation |
| Rate of immigration: rate of arrival of new species on an island. This is | Equilibrium Model |
| Number of species on an island determined by balance between immigration and extinction. This is | Equilibrium Model |
| Rate of extinction rises with increasing species numbers due to competition, population size, pool of species. | Equilibrium Model |
| Who developed the “equilibrium theory of island biogeography” which also applies to fragmented terrestrial habitats | MacArthur and Wilson (1967) |
| The number of species on an island (richness) represents an equilibrium between immigration of new species and extinction of resident species. What theory defines this | Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography |
| Theory which explains that there is critical habitat sizes where entire “guilds” are lost, e.g. all woodpeckers, all primary cavity dwellers. | Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography |
| If you take a 10 x 10 Persian rug and cut it into 100 pieces, do you get 100 nice little replicas of the original rug? No, you get 100 frayed pieces with no use and no beauty. This is paraphrased from whose quote? | David Quammen (author of the song of the Dodo) |
| T/F – Concerning Island Biogeography. Statistically, large areas are less likely to include sparsely distributed species. | False. are more likely |
| T/F – Concerning Island Biogeography. Large areas hold a greater variety of habitats (and niches) then small areas. | True |
| T/F – Concerning Island Biogeography. Large areas can support species that require large amounts of space, e.g. large carnivores like cougars. | True |
| T/F – Concerning Island Biogeography. Only species with good dispersal ability can cross wide gaps (this will be a subset of all species available at the source). | True |
| T/F – Concerning Island Biogeography. As distance increases, the arc of dispersal angles that will strike an island increases. | False. As distance increases, the arc of dispersal angles that will strike an island decreases. |
| Island size is likely to have a large effect on extinction rates by limiting population sizes. May also effect immigration rates by affecting size of target for disperses. These are factors of | Size Effect |
| ______ between fragments is likely to affect immigration rates. | Distance |
| Islands farther from source will have lower rates of immigration. This is called | Distance Effect |
| “Unless we take immediate and efficient steps to curb the rate of tropical habitat loss… View of the 21st century… As a major extinction catastrophe” Who said this? | Pimm, Columbia University. |
| Changes in plant and animal species composition and community structure over time. It is an orderly and predictable process whereby one plant community succeeds another. | Succession |
| A continuous pattern of colonization and extinction on a site by specie populations. | Succession |
| Is the process of invasion, colonization and occupation of previously unoccupied habitats: Bare rock of volcanic islands or after glacial retreat | Primary Succession |
| This succession occurs in areas where no well-developed soil exists (bare rock, desert sands or very fine sterilize soils). | Primary Succession |
| This succession occurs in places where well-developed soils already exist (previously occupied habitats). | Secondary Succession |
| This succession occurs in areas where disturbance has destroyed an existing community but the soil remains intact, i.e. fire, flood, hurricanes, tornadoes, abandoned fields, etc. | Secondary Succession |
| This succession involves the reestablishment of herbaceous colonizers, often invasive “weed” species. | Secondary Succession |
| Small shrubs and scattered trees become established during _______ succession. | secondary |
| Succession where herbaceous layer is eventually “shaded out” by taller plants in | Secondary Succession |
| Maturing colonizers often shade out their own seedlings during ______ succession process. | secondary |
| Shade tolerant species (i.e. hardwoods) eventually dominate the understory, and associated herbaceous species develop in this newly created microclimate during ________ succession process. | secondary |
| The succession of plants and animals that happens in a specific sequence. Each stage of plant growth supports different animal life. | Sequential Succession |
| Bird species distribution changes with plant species gradient. Specific species will thrive during each stage in the process of succession. This succession is? | Sequential Succession |
| Facilitation, tolerance and inhibition are mechanisms that drive which ecological process of change. | Succession |
| Factors that contribute to community stability may be due to these three factors. | a lack of disturbance, or community resistance or resilience in the face of disturbance |
| This mechanism assumes a species is able to survive as an adult in an area and can colonize as pioneer “inhibiting growth of others” | Inhibition |
| This mechanism occurs as organisms at a given stage resist invasion by organisms of later stages. Succession proceeds when the individuals of a given stage die, e.g. allelopathy. | Inhibition |
| This mechanism assumes only early successional species can establish. Organisms at a given successional stage make the environment more suitable for later successional stages. | Facilitation |
| Which mechanism includes: lichens breaking down rock into soil, nitrogen-fixing plants improve fertility of soil, or nurse plants which facilitate growth of others | Facilitation |
| The persistence of a community or ecosystem in the face of disturbance. Result of resistance or resilience. | Community Stability |
| Factor that contributes to community stability where the structure and function of an ecosystem are maintained in the face of disturbance | Resistance |
| Factor that contributes to community stability where there is a return to an ecosystem’s original structure after a disturbance. | Resilience |
| Succession reaches a point where no (apparent) changes occur | Ecological Climax |
| Species composition remains constant | Stability and Equilibrium |
| This climax theory states that only one possible type of climax community for any region (temperate forest, coral reef, grassland). | Monoclimax Theory |
| This climax theory states that a local climax is governed by many factors, such as soil, topography, etc. | Polyclimax Theory |
| This climax theory states that a region can experiences periodic disturbances such as fire, hurricane, glaciation and human activity, and this creates a cycle of replacement rather than a true climax. | Polyclimax Theory (also involved with Individualistic Succession) |
| In this type of succession, , relationship of coexisting species is the result of similarities in their requirements and tolerances. | Individualistic Succession |
| In this type of succession, not all species can be predictably found in the community all the time. | Individualistic Succession |
| This type of succession involves a cycle of replacement after disturbance; there isno true climax | Individualistic Succession |
| In this type of succession, community borders are not distinct or rigid | Individualistic Succession (also involved with Polyclimax Theory) |
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