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MyAnthroStack5

Chapter 5 Terms

QuestionAnswer
Language A system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules.
Symbol A mark, sound, gesture, motion, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way.
Signal An instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning.
Linguistics The modern scientific study of all aspects of language.
Phonetics The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language.
Phonology The study of language sounds.
Phonemes The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language.
Morphology The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words).
Morphemes The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phonemes, which can alter meaning but have no meaning by themselves.
Syntax The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences.
Grammar The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax.
Language Family A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language.
Linguistic Divergence The development of different languages from a single ancestral language.
Glottochronology In linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor; based on analyzing core vocabularies.
Core Vocabulary The most basic and long-lasting words in any language—pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects.
Linguistic Nationalism The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms.
Sociolinguistics The study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories (such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech.
Gendered Speech Distinct male and female speech patterns, which vary across social and cultural settings.
Dialects Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.
Code Switching Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.
Ethnolinguistics A branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other.
Linguistic Relativity The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language.
Linguistic Determinism The idea that language to some ex tent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us.
Gestures Facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages.
Kinesics A system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages.
Proxemics The cross-cultural study of people’s perception and use of space.
Paralanguage Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. These include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo.
Tonal Language A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning.
Whistled Speech An exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice; also known as whistled language.
Displacement Referring to things and events removed in time and space.
Writing System A set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way.
Alphabet A series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order.
Created by: st0lenyoureyes
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