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Reform Movements
1867-1916
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bimetallism | the use of two metals as specie to back up a countrys currency. The U.S. government used silver and Gold |
| Free Silver 16:1 | Westerners were promoting free silver as a means of increasing currecvy and easing the strain on the farmers' mounting debts. The U.S. government had been coining 16 silver coins per gold coin |
| Crime of 1873 | the government stopped coining silver money in 1873. This was considered a crime by western farmers who desired a cheaper circulating medium and desired unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the 16:1 ratio |
| Bland-Allison Act 1878 | this act stated that the U.S. government would buy $2 to $4 million worth of silver a month and mint it into silver dollars, but the treasury refused to mint silver dollars. |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890 | it increased the Treasurys silver purchase to 4.5 ,illion ounces monthly and required the government to issue Treasury notes redemable in gold and silver. |
| William H.Harvey | He wrote Coin's Financial School in 1894 which explained the monetary issue in Laymans terms. HArvet advocated free coinage of silver and said the economics problems were caused by inflation and gold coins. |
| Coxey's Army | 1894 ked iver 500,000 protestors in a march to Washington D.C. They demanded that the government releive unemployment and called for inflation the relieve their debt paymentsCoxey and his army were arrested for walking on white house grass. |
| Gold Standard Act | 1900 this act ended the coinage of silver and only allowed the U.S. treasury to coin gold. It increased the gold reserve to 150 million because the U.S. had switched th a gold-based currency. |
| Granger Movement, Oliver Kelly | 1876 The national grange of the patrons of husbandry was founded by Oliver Kelly and was composed of farmers who demanded the regulation of western railroads and monopolies. It was the foundation fosr other farmers groups in the late 1800's |
| Granger laws | tey were state laws that set maximum rates railroads could charge for carrying ir storing grain |
| FArmers Alliance 1879, Ben Tillman | This group was founded by Ben "Pitchfork" Tillman after the Granger failed. This group was very powerful. Three members serve as governors. |
| Ocala Demands 1890 | in Ocala, Florida, members of the Northern and Southern Farmers Alliances cobened and suscussed their political seccess. They formed a committee that created the Populist patry and agreed upon a nommon program of free silver |
| Populist (peoples) Party | 1891 The populists were a third political party that was formed from the Farmers Alliances. they nominated James B. Weaver as their Candidate in the election of 1892 . He advocated the polocies of he Omaha Platform. |
| Omaha Platform 1892 | The Populists met in Omaha, Nebraska to create a platform that would appeal to farmers throughout the nation. The platform stressed inflation, $50 per person in circulation currency. Also wanted government ownership and operation of RR, comu and utilities |
| Watson, Weaver, Lease Donnelly | T hese people were the leaders of the Populist party. Tom watson was the Populists csampaign manager and james weaver was their presidential canidate. Mary lease was an orator in favor of the Populists and Ignatious Donnely soulition to Americas problems |
| William McKinley | he was a conservative who supported protective tariffs. He was against free silver and during the election he ran a "front porch" campaign. Conservative newspapers and industrialists worked harder than him to elect him as president. |
| Mark Hanna | He was the political boss of Ohio. He was McKinley's campaign manager and put him in office using a $16 million campaign fund. |
| William J. Bryan | was a democrat canidate during the election of 1896. He only had $250,000 in campaign funds and ran againsst William McKinley who had $16 million in funds. He was a vigerous supporter of free silver. |
| Cross of Cold Speech | William J, Bryan presented this speech which advocated free silver and part of the Omaha Platform. In his speech, Bryan said the poor were being crucufied on a cross of gold. This speech resulted in his nomination as the Democratic candidate for president |
| Muckrakers | they were writters who supported Progressive reform through magazine articles. They received the name_________from Thedore Rosevelt |
| Jacob Riis | He wrote how the Other Half lives in 1890. Riis investigated the New York city slums and wrote about the horror in the inner cities. He startled the public into aiding the poor. |
| Henry D. Lloyd | He wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth in 1894. This book exposed the corruption of Rockefeller as he Monopolized the Oil industry. |
| Charlotte P. Gilman | She wrote Women and Economics in 1894. This book traced the history and sexual discrimination, gender stereotyping, and the subodination of women |
| Thorstein Veblen | He wrote the Theory of Leisure class in 1899. His book exposed the exploration of the poor by the wealthy. |
| Frank Norris | He wrote the Octopus in 1901. It dealt with the struggle wheat farmers had with the powerful railroads and a monoplized market. He also wrote Tge pit, a book which also told about the destruction of farmers by railroads and markets. |
| Lincoln Steffens | He wrote the Shame of the cities in 1904. He lived in many differenct cities while investigation about the corruption in city governments. |
| Ida Tarbell | She wrote the History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904. It was an Article about Rockefeller and his companys corruption and how it wiped out small bussinessed like her fathers. |
| John Spargo | He wrote The Citter city of the Children 1906. In it he gave accounts of children losing fingers, arms and other limbs by working in unsafe factories. He stated that child labor was a shame and that it needed to be stopped. |
| David Phillips | He wrote treason of the senate in 1906. He revealed that 75 of 90 senators took bribes. He gave the names of the Corrupt senators and he was latter assignated. |
| John Dewey | He wrote the school of society. In his book Dewey said that were learn through our own experiences. He wanted to show students that learning was interisting. He also streesed the need for training for life in the classroom. |
| Upton Sinclair | He wrote the jungle in 1906 It is a book about immigrants working in meat industries and the abusive way the managers treated them. The book condemed the terrible working conditions and unsanitary meat that was being produced. |
| Herbert Croly | He wrote the promise of American Life in 1909. Croly's book pleaded for government regulationof business and influenced roosevelts new nationalism |
| Initative | was part of the Omaha platform and is used today,The public can initiate or put a law on the ballot to be voted on. This is done by collecting a specified number of signatures. |
| Referendum | a vote of the people which has already been passed by the legislature.way be conducted on controversial legislation. |
| Recall | enables the voters to present a ballot to remove undesireable officials . The voters then vote whether or not to remove the official from office before the term is up/ |
| Direct Primary (Preferential) | in a direct of preferential primary, the registered voters choose candidates for each political party in the preliminary election. |
| Australlian Ballot | a secret ballot that was part of the Omaha Platform |
| Matgaret Sanger | She advocated the use of birth control and founded the planed parenthood league to help poor mothers raise their children. |
| Oliver W. Holmes | He was a liberal Supreme Court justice who supported the Progressive Movement and beleived that laws should fit the Changing needs of society. |
| Charles E. Hughes | The governorr of New York who busted the insurance and gas companies. He was a New York supreme court justice and was a candidate in the election of 1916 |
| election of 1900 | The republicans nominated william McKinley(imperilism), Democrats chose William J. Bryan (Free silver) . McKinley won the election with and overwhelming wictory in the urban areas. |
| Jones Act 1916 | This act mad e both housed in the Filipino legislature electives, gave the vote to men over 21 and allowed independance for the Philippines when they were capible of caring for themselves |
| Jones Act 1917 | It gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and made the upper house elective. |
| Virgin Islands Purchase 1917 | The virgin Islands were purchased by the U.S. in 1917 for $25 million because of American fears of German presence near the soft underbelly of the U.S. |
| Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 | Diaz was the dictator of Mexico who was overthrown by Madero and the radicles in1910. in 1913 Madero was murdered bu conservative-backed General Huerta who claimed control of the government for himself.did not recognize Huerta |
| Vera Cruz 1914 | Severa; American Sailors were arrested at Vera Cruz by the Mexican Government . The U.S. responded by capturing Vera Cruz when Huerta refused to apoligize . Huerta soon lost popular support and was replaced by Carranza, a pro- U.S. leader. |
| ABC Powers | The countries of Argentina , Brazile and Chile. They tried to arbitrate the dispute between the U.S. and Mexico over the vera Cruz incident |
| Pancho Villia | He was a Mexican who was Angry after the U.S. government recognized Carranza as the leader of Mexico instead of him. He led a band of Outlaws and invaded America at Columbuds, New Mexico, where he killed 17 Americans |
| John J. Pershing | He pursued Villia after the raid at Columbus, but never captured him . He later became the head of the american Expeditionary Force (AEF) during World War I |
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