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Microbiology Ch. 24
24.1 - 24.4 - Antimicrobial Drugs - Alacamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology 9 ed.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In 1969, this U.S. Surgeon General believed it was time to "close the books on infectious disease." - He was mistaken | General William Stewart |
| What are the recommendations made by the CDC for Appropriate Antibiotic Use? | 1. Only prescribe antibiotic therapy when likely to be beneficial to the patient. 2. Use an agent targeting likely pathogens. 3. Use the antibiotic for the appropriate dose and duration. |
| Definition: A chemical compound used to treat disease and infections of the body. | chemotherapeutic agent |
| Definition: (drug) A chemical that inhibits or kills the growth of microorganisms. | antimicrobial agent |
| Definition: plural of serum | sera |
| Definition: The first modern synthetic antimicrobial agent - a derivative of Arshphenamine used to treat syphilis. | Salvarsan |
| People responsible for cor creating the first synthetic antimicrobial agent. | Paul Ehrlich and Shachiro Hata |
| Definition: The use of chemical agents to treat disease or disorders. | chemotherapy |
| Definition: A red dye found by Domagk to have significant antimicrobial activity when tested in live animals, and from which sulfanilamide was later isolated. | Prontosil |
| Won the 1939 Nobel Peace Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of Prontosil. | Gerhard Domagk |
| Person who discovered Penicillin | Alexander Fleming |
| Produces a substance that kills gram-positive organisms. Used to treat: gonorrhea, meningitis, tetanus, and diphtheria. | Penicillins |
| Definition: (agent) A substance made in a lab to prevent illness or treat disease. | synthetic drug |
| Definition: agents that work to kill or inhibit living organisms | antibiotics |
| Definition: A chemical substance synthesized from natural and lab components used to treat disease. | semisynthetic drug |
| Definition: A property of many antimicrobial drugs that harm the infectious agent but not the host. | selective toxicity |
| Definition: 1. The amount of toxin needed to cause a disease. 2. The amount of an antimicrobial drug that cause harm to the host. | toxic dose |
| Definition: The concentration of an antimicrobial drug that effectively destroys an infectious agent. | therapeutic dose |
| Definition: A number that represents the highest level (per kilogram of body weight) of an antimicrobial drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest level of the drug that eliminates the infectious agent. | chemotherapeutic index |
| Definition: The ability to produce the necessary or desired results. | Efficacy |
| Definition: The range of antimicrobial drug action. | antimicrobial spectrum |
| Definition: Referring to an antimicrobial drug useful for treating many groups of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria | broad spectrum |
| Definition: Referring to an antimicrobial drug that is useful for a restricted groups of microorganisms. | narrow spectrum |
| Definition: Any of a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium species or produced synthetically; effective against gram-positive bacteria and several gram-negative bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis. also Chlamydiae | Penicillin |
| Broad Spectrum Drugs used to treat Gram-negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria only. | Sulfonamides, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Carbapenems |
| - Active drug from of Prontosil. - Highly active agains gram-positive bacteria. - Mainstay for treating wound-related infections during World War II. - interferes with the metabolism of bacterial cells without damaging body tissues. | Sulfanilamides |
| Definition: The organic compound in bacteria whose synthesis is blocked by sulfonamide drugs - cannot be synthesized and must be consumed in foods or vitamin capsules. | folic acid |
| Definition: A precursor for folic acid synthesis. | para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) |
| Definition: The prevention of a chemical reaction by a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for an enzyme's active site. Example: Sulfanilamides - compete with para-aminobenzoic acid for the active site in folic acid | competitive inhibiton |
| - synergistic drug derived from sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that inhibits folic acid synthesis. - effective in low doses - prescribed for UTIs due to gram-negative rods | co-trimoxazole (Bactrim) |
| - drug that blocks PABA metabolism in Mycobacterium species - used to treat tuberculosis | p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) |
| - drug that blocks PABA metabolism in Mycobacterium species - used to treat leprosy | dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone) |
| Definition: A antimicrobial drug effective against the tubercle bacillus - interferes with cell wall synthesis in Mycobacterium species by inhibiting the production of mycolic acid, a component of the wall. | Isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, or INH) |
| Definition: A synthetic antimicrobial drug used to treat tuberculosis. - well-absorbed drug - side effects include: visual distubances | Ethambutol |
| Definition: A synthetic antimicrobial drug that blocks DNA synthesis in gram-negative and gram positive bacterial cells. - | quinolones |
| Definition: Derivative of quinolone used to treat UTIs, gonorrhea, chlamydia and intestinal tract infections. Example: ciprofolxacin (Cipro) - used to treat people exposed to anthrax spores | fluoroquinolones |
| - Most popular penicillin antibiotic. - sensitive to acid, so primarily given intravenously. | Penicillin G |
| Oral from of penicillin. | Penicillin V |
| Used to treat: staphylococci, streptococci, clostidia, and pneumococci - in higher concentrations: diplococci causing gonorrhea and meningitis, syphilis spirochetes | penicillins |
| - inhibits the peptide cross-linking of carbohydrates during wall formation, producing a week cell wall that internal osmotic pressure allows the cell to swell and burst. - bactericidal in rapidly multiplying bacteria | penicillin |
| 2 major drawbacks of penicillin | 1. anaphylactic reaction occurring in allergic individuals 2. evolution of penicillin-resistant bacterial species. |
| Definition: The enzyme that converts the beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems) into inactive forms. | beta-lactamases |
| Definition: An enzyme produced by certain microorganisms that converts penicillin to penicilloic acid and thereby confers resistance against penicillin. | penicillinase |
| penicillinase resistant penicillins | oxacillin and methicillin |
| broad spectrum type of penicillin drug against some gram-negative rods (Escherichia, Proteus, Haemophilus) as well as gonococci and meningococci. | ampicillin |
| 2 broad spectrum penicillin type drug effective against gram-negative bacteria used for infections of the urinary tract | carbencillin and ticarcillin |
| combination of amoxicillin and calulanic acid | Augmentin |
| Definition: An antibiotic derived from the mold Cephalosporium that inhibits cell wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria and certain gram-negative bacteria. -used as an alternative to penicillin where resistance or allergies exist. | cephalosporin |
| 2 first-generation cephalosporins absorbed in the intestines and are useful against gram-positive cocci, and certain gram-negative rods | cephalexin (Keflex) and cephalothin (Keflin) |
| 2 Second-generation cephalosporins | cefacor and cefuroxime |
| 2 Third-generation cephalosporins primarily used against gram-negative rods and for treating diseases in the central nervous system. | cefotaxime and ceftriaxone |
| Fourth-generation cephalosporin used against gram-negative bacteria involved with urinary tract infections | cefepime |
| Definition: A synthetic drug used to inhibit cell wall synthesis in aerobic gram-negative rod bacteria such as bacterial meningitis. - isolated from bacterium Chromobacter violaceum - interferes with platelet function causing severe bleeding: limit use | monobactams |
| Definition: An antimicrobial drug derived from a species of Streptomyces and is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Ex: Imipenem | carbapenems |
| of or relating to a hospital | nosocomial |
| Drug effective against a variety of aerobic gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative rods, as well as anaerobes. - Prescribed usually when resistances occur. - if allergic to penicillin DO NOT TAKE - can be degraded by kidneys, take with cilastatin | Imipenem |
| Combination of imipenem and cilastatin | Primaxin |
| a severe, sometimes fatal, reaction to a substance to which a person has an extreme sensitivity, often involving respiratory difficulty and circulation failure | anaphylactic shock |
| Definition: A antibacterial drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis and is used in treating disease caused by gram-positive bacteria, especially staphylococci. - administered intravenously - "drug of last resort" | vancomycin |
| Definition: An antibiotic derived from a Bacillus species, effective against gram-positive bacteria when used topically. - used in topical treatment of skin infections. - when combined with neomycin and polymyxin B = Neosporin | Bacitracin |
| Definition: An antibiotic derived from a Bacillus species that disrupts the cell membrane of gram-negative rods. - acts like a detergent increasing permeability leading to cell death - can be used topically to treat wounds, abrasions, and burns. | Polymyxins |
| Definition: An antibiotic that contains amino groups bonded to carbohydrate groups that inhibit protein synthesis used to treat tuberculosis Example: gentamicin, streptomycin and neomycin - intramuscular injection - can damage the auditory nerve | Aminoglycosides |
| aminoglycoside administered for serious infections of the urinary tract caused by gram-negative bacteria | getamicin |
| A hereditray disease starting in infancy and affecting various glands, resulting in secretion of thick mucus that blocks internal passages of the lungs and causes respiratory infections. - treat with aminoglycoside tobramycin (Tobi) | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Definition: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from a Streptomyces species that interfers with protein synthesis. -choice drug for typhoid fever | chloramphenicol |
| Definition: Refers to the inability of the bone marrow to produce new blood cells. | Aplastic anemia |
| Definition: A side-effect of chloramphenicol therapy, characterized by a sudden breakdown of the cardiovascular system. | gray syndrome |
| Definition: An antibiotic characterized by four benzene rings with attached side groups that blocks protein synthesis in many gram-negative bacteria, rickettsiae, and chlamydiae. -taken orally -cause a discoloration of teeth & stunted bones in children | Tetracyclines |
| "wonder drugs" | penicillin, stretomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline |
| Definition: A drug that is effective against antiobiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | glycylclines |
| Definition: An antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis -inhibit chain elongation blocking protein synthesis | macrolides |
| - treats Legionnaires' disease & atypical pneumonia - can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea | erythromycin |
| Definition: An antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis - inhibits chain elongation | lincosamides |
| Definition: An antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis and is used as a penicillin substitute for certain anaerobic bacterial disease -bacteriostatic drug - too much use can lead to a lethal condition called pseudomembranous colitis | clindamycin |
| Definition: -membranous lesions cover the intestinal wall | pseudomembranous colitis |
| Definition: An antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis. - bactericidal - effective against respiratory pathogens | streptogramins |
| Definition: An antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis and is effective in treating gram-positive bacteria. -effective in treating MRSA - can be toxic to the mitochondria so used as a last resort | oxasolidinones |
| Definition: An antibiotic prescribed for tuberculosis and leprosy patients and for carriers of Neisseria and Haemophilus species. -interferes with RNA synthesis - causes body secretions to turn an orange-red color - rash and liver damage | Rifampin |
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