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Anatomy exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of joints are the intervertebral joints | cartilaginous |
| What type of joint is the joing of the head of the rib | Planar synovial |
| What does the head of the rib make contact with at the joint of the head of the rib | body of same # vertebra, the vertebra superior to it, and the IV disc |
| What holds the joint of the head of the rib in place | the radiate ligament |
| Ligament between the rib tubercle and transverse processes | costotransverse ligament |
| What type of joint is the costotransverse ligament | planar synovial |
| Which ligaments stabilize the costotransverse joint | the costotransverse and lateral costotrasnverse ligaments |
| What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint | cartilaginous(not synovial, no movement) |
| What type of joint is the xiphisternal joint | cartilaginous |
| What type of joint is the sternocostal joint | cartilaginous |
| Which ligaments anchor the sternum to the costal cartilage of the ribs, and what is this joint called | The sternocostal joint, which is stabilized by the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments |
| What is the costochondral joint | The joint between the rib and costal cartilage |
| Two f(x)s of the pectoralis minor | stabilizes the scapula, and elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inspiration |
| What is involved in respiration, the serratus anterior or the subclavius | serratus anterior |
| What are the muscles of the intercostal group | external intercostals and internal intercostals, and innermost intercostals |
| What direction do the internal intercostals run | supero-anteriorly |
| What direction do the external intercostals run | infero-anteriorly |
| F(x) of the external intercostals | elevate ribs |
| F(x) of the internal intercostals | move ribs inferiorly |
| Both muscles of the intercostal group end on | aponeurotic membranes(ventral for external, dorsal for internal) |
| The innermost intercostals run | infero-posteriorly |
| Where are the innermost intercostals located on the ribs | laterally only, not anteriorly |
| Transverse thoracic muscles origin and insertion | from sternum to cartilages |
| Function of transverse thoracic muscles | weakly depress the ribs |
| The serratus posterior is divided into the | superior and inferior serratus posterior |
| The superior serratus posterio ___, while the inferior serratus posterior ___ | elevates, depresses the ribs |
| Origin and insertion of serratus posterior superior | From the median spinous process/nuchal ligament (C7-T3) to ribs 2-4 |
| Origin and insertion of serratus posterior inferior | From spinous processes of Tll-L1 to ribs 8-12 |
| Which muscles are involved in normal inspiration, and what specifically do they do | intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. increase vertical dimensions, so transverse dimensions increase and move the sternum forward |
| Which muscles are involved in forced inspiration | Serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, subclavius, and pecs. Also the intercostals and diaphgram as in regular |
| What causes normal expiration | intercostals and diaphgram relax, causing an increase in thoracic cavity pressure |
| Forced expiration utilizes ___ | deeper intercostals and all abdominals(contract to force abdominal conents superiorly, increase pressure) |
| ___ is difficulty breathing, and can be caused by 3x | Dyspnea: by astha, COPD, heart failure |
| What is the response to dyspnea | Use accessory muscles more often. Fixation of the pectoral girdle to force action of rib cage |
| which artery branches off the subclavian, and runs inferiorly lateral to the sternum | Internal thoracics |
| What branch off the interal thoracic arteries | anterior intercostal arteries |
| Where do the anterior intercostal arteries run(direction and location) | dorsolaterally in intercostal spaces |
| What do the posterior intercostals branch off of, and where do they run | the thoracic aorta, run in intercostal space |
| What branches from the dorsal aorta, and runs inferior to the 12th rib | subcostal artery |
| Where does the subcostal artery bracnh from, and where(direction and location) does it run | dorsal aorta, inferiorly to the 12th rib |
| Subcostal arteries are a continuation(essentially) of the | intercostals(posterior, since they come off the aorta as well) |
| The anterior intercostal veins drain to the __ | internal thoracic veins |
| The posterior intercostal veins drain to the | azygous/hemiazyogous system |
| Difference between azygous and hemiazygous veins | Both run lateral to the vertebral column. The azygous vein is on the right and continous. The hemiazygous is on the left and made of two partial sets of veins |
| Where do the two parts of the hemiazygous system drain | 1 drains over the right side and up the azygous and into the inferior vena cava just before the entrance to the right atrium, while the other branch drains to the left subclavius |
| Where do intercostal neurovascular bundles run | between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscle planes. Major vessels run in the costal groove, while collaterals run along the superior border of the ribs. |
| Order from superior to inferior for intercostal neurovascular bundles | VAN |
| The angle at the bottom of the ribs, and what it is aka | Infrasternal(subcostal) angle |
| The external obliques run | infero-anteriorly |
| Origin and insertion of external obliques | lower ribs surfaces and thoracolumbar fascia, inserts on linea alba, iliac crest, and all the way down to the pubic tubercle |
| The inferior border of the external obliques at the pubic tubercle forms the | inguinal ligament |
| What is importnat because it is avascular and used for cutting open | linea alba |
| The internal obliques run | supero-anteriorly |
| Origin and insertion of internal obliques | Originate at thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament. insert at inferior ribs, linea alba, and near the pubic tubercle |
| Transverse abdominus origin and insertion | Originates at thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, internal surfaces of ribs. Inserts in linea alba in an aponeurosis |
| The rectus abdominus is marked by | tendinous intersections |
| Rectus abdominis origin/insertion | Originates at the symphysis pubis. Inserts on xiphoid process and costal cartialges. |
| The rectus abdominis is enclosed within the | rectus sheath |
| The rectus sheath is a | merged aponeurosis of flat muscles that encloses the rectus abdominis muscles |
| What are the three main arteries that supply the rectus abdominis, on top of the stomach | The superior epigastric arteries, inferior epigastric arteries, and superficial epigastric arteries |
| The superior epigastric arteries are direct extensions of the | internal thoracic arteries |
| The inferior epigastrics branch off the _____ | external iliac artery |
| The inferior epigastrics ascend within the _____ and enter the ___ at the ___ | transversalis fascia, enter rectus sheath at arcuate line |
| What are the two types of circumflex iliac arteries, and where does each stem from | The superficial circumflex iliac arteries are off the femoral artery, while the deep circumflex iliac arteries are off the external iliac artery(along with the inferior epigastrics) |
| Where do the superior epigastric arteries run in parcticular | inside the rectus sheat, deep to the rectus abdominis muscle |
| The nerves from the anterior rami of spinal nerves T7-11 are the | thoracoabdominal nerves |
| The thoracoabdominal nerves have which branches | the anterior cutaneous branches and the lateral cutaneous branches |
| Which nerve comes from the anterior ramus of T12 | subcostal nerve |
| Which two nerves are terminal branches of L1 | Iliohypograstric and ilioinguinal nerves |
| Mammary glands are modified | sweat glands |
| Normal contour and shape of breasts is defined by | subcutaneous fat |
| During pregnancy, the shape of the breasts is altered by increases in | glandular tissue |
| The base of the breast extends from ___ to ___, and is between ribs __ and __ | the lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary line. Between ribs 2 and 6(but variable) |
| Muscles the breasts rest on | mostly pecs major, but some serr. anterior |
| The part of the breast that extends laterally and superiorly towawrds the scapula is the | axillary tail |
| ____ bind breast tissue to the dermis | suspensory ligaments |
| The suspensory ligaments are most pronounced where, and are interwoven in what | cranial aspects of breast. in fat surrounding the glandular tissue |
| The breast is separated from the pectoral fascia by the | retromammary space |
| What stores milk in the breasts | lactiferous sinuses located under the areola |
| What are the major arteries that supply the breasts | The medial mammary arteries, and lateral thoracic artery |
| The medial mammary arteries branch of ___ and penetrate ___ | the internal thoracic arteries, penetrate superficially |
| The lateral thoracic artery comes from the ___, and breaks into the | axillary artery, lateral mammary arteries |
| 75% of breast lymph drains to | axillary nodes(mostly from subareolar lymphatic plexus) |
| Lymph of medial quadrants of the breast can drain to | parasternal nodes |
| Lymph of the inferior breast may drain to | abdominal nodes |
| Some superior lymph of the breast can drain to | nodes in the neck |
| Tumors on the suspensory ligaments cause | deviated nipples/areolar tissue |
| What is the more extreme breast cancer treatment | mastectomy(breast excision) |
| Two types of mastectomy, and the difference between them | Simple mastectomy: tissue is removed up to the retromamary space. Radical mastectomy: Breast, pec muscles, and all nodes in axilla and pectoral regions are removed |
| What is the less extreme breast cancer treatment, and what is it | lumpectomy/quadrectomy: local removal of the tumor and the immediately adjacent breast tissue |
| ___ is extraneous breast tissue | polymastia |
| ___ is more than 2 nipples | polythelia |
| Supernumerary structures(polymastia and polythelia) are typically found where | along the embryonic mammary ridge |
| Manboobs is aka | gynecomastia |
| Which disease can cause gynecomastia | Klinefelters(XXY) |
| Which 2 types of drugs can cause gynecomastia | anabolic steroids and antacids |
| What are the three compartments of the thoracic cavity | the 2 pulmonary cavities and the mediastinum |
| Vertically, the mediastinum extends from __ to ___ | superior thoracic aperture to the diaphgram |
| The mediastinum is covered with the | mediastinal pleura |
| Four regions of the mediastinum | superior, anterior, middle, posterior |
| The superior region of the mediastinum's inferior border is | a horizontal line through the sternal angle |
| The superior region of the mediastinum contains 9x | Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic vessels, aortic arch, thoracic and right lymphatic ducts, trachea, esophagus, thymus, vagus, phrenic, and recurrent laryngeal nerves, and loads of nodes |
| Vertically, the anterior mediastinum extends from what to what | sternal angle to diaphragm |
| The anterior mediastinum contains 5x | Fat, nodes, pericardial ligaments, inferior lobe of thymus, and internal thoracic vessles |
| The middle mediastinum contains 7x | Pericardium, heart, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk and veins, superior vena cava, arch of azygous vein, main bronchi |
| The posterior mediastinum is just ventral to which verebtrae | T5-12 |
| The posterior mediastinum contains 6x | Thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygous system vessels, esophagus, sympathetic trunk, splanchnic nerves |
| What is the major lymphatic return from the inferior part of the body | thoracic duct |
| Are the splanchnic nerves involved in sympathetic or para. autnomic innervation | parasympathetic autonomic innervation |
| The inside wall of the thoracic cavity is covered with | endothoracic fascia |
| The endothoracic fascia merges with | the rib periosteum |
| The endothoracic fascia is separate from the | pleura |
| The pulmonary cavity and lungs are enclosed in a serous membrane called | pleura |
| The visceral pleura invests the | lung tissue |
| The parietal pleura covers | the thoracic wall |
| The pleural cavitiy is the ___ between the ____ and ___ | potential space, parietal and visceral pleura |
| The pleural cavity is filled with ___, and f(x) | serous pleural fluid. Lubricates and assists respiration. Permits lungs to move separately from the thoracic wall. Also links the lungs to the thoracic wall |
| The pleura around the lung root is called the | pleural sleeve |
| The downward extension of the pleura inferior to the lung root is the | pulmonary ligament |
| What is the pulmonary ligament | A fold in the pleura inferior to the lung root |
| How many regions is the parietal pleura separated into, and what are they | 4: Cervical(extends through thoracic aperture). Costal(lines ribcage laterally). Diaphragmatic. Mediastinal(between lungs and mediastinal structures) |
| What are the spaces between pleura to allow for movement | recesses |
| What are the two recesses in the parietal pleura | Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses |
| Which part of the lung projects through the superior thoracic aperture | apex |
| Is hte lung inside or outside the pleural cavity | outside(like balloon deep fist) |
| Surfaces of hte lungs | 3. Costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic(anatomic base) |
| Which surface of the lung is the largest | the costal surface |
| Borders of the lung | three borders. Anterior, inferior, posterior |
| How many lobes does each lung have, and what are they | The left lung has 2 lobes(superior and inferior) while the right lung has 3 lobes(superior, middle, inferior) |
| Fissures of left lung | oblique fissure |
| The oblique fissure of the right lung separates | the middle and inferior lobes |
| The left lung contains this space for the heart | cardiac notch |
| Directly inferior to the cardiac notch on the ___ lung is the ___ | left, lingula |
| Which lobe are the cardiac notch and lingula part of | superior lobe of the left lung |
| Fissures of right lung | horizontal fissure(separates superior and middle lobes. oblique fissure(separates middle and inferior) |
| Structures entering and leaving the root of hte lung emerge from the | hilum |
| 3x that emerge from the hilum of the lung root | pulmonary artery, pulmononary veins, bronchus |
| The medial surface of the left lung typically has grooves for ___ and ___ | left. aorta and thoracic duct |
| The ___ and ___ nerves pass along the ____ surface of both lungs | vagal and phrenic. medial surface |
| In the lungs, the vagus nerve goes to the ___, the while the phrenic nerve ___ | lung root, phrenic nerve takes a ventral course, travels over the surface of the heart to the diaphragm |
| The right lung has grooves for 3x, and a depression for the ___ is often present. | azygous vein(dorsal), brachiocephalic vein, and vena cavas(ventral). esophagus |
| ___ results when pleura are inflamed | pleuritis |
| Detecting pleuritis | pleural rub can be heard through stehoscope. Often painful, since there are pain sensors in the parietal pleural(local innervation by intercostal nerves) |
| What becomes real if the lungs collapse by fluid or gas buildup in the pleural cavity | potential space |
| Buildup of air in the pleural cavity is called ____, while fluid/pleural effusions is called ___ | pneumothorax, hydrothorax |
| Blood buildup in pleural cavity is called ____, and modified lymph collecting in lungs is called ___ | hemothorax, chylothorax |
| What builds up in chylothorax, and from what | chyle from thoracic duct |
| A sampling of pleural fluids via intercostal spaces is called ___ or __ | thoracocentesis/pleural tapping. typically done in the recess |
| What first happens to the trachea as it descends from the neck region | It bifurcates into 2 main bronchii |
| The two main bronchii are separated by a ridge called the | carina |
| What air pipes enter the lungs, and where | the two main bronchii enter at the hilum |
| The 2 main bronchii branch into ___ or ___ | secondary bronchi(lobar bronchi) |
| There are __ lobar bronchi on the left, and ___ on the right. How are they divided | 2 on left. 3 on right. |
| The secondary bronchi split to ___ or ____ to supply the _____ | segmental(tertiary) bronchi. supply hte bronchopulmonary segments |
| The ____ are the transition between the segmental bronchi and terminal brnchioles | conducting bronchioles |
| The terminal bronchioles have ___ to ___ generations | 20-25 |
| From segmental bronchi, what is the descending order of the bronchial tree | conducting bronchioles, termianl bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs |
| The pulmonary arteries branch from the ___ at what level | pulmonary turnk, sternal angle level |
| A main pulmonary vein drains each | bronchopulmonary segment, rides along the anterior surface of air conducting structures |
| What actually supplies the lungs with blood for function | bronchial arteries |
| Are the bronchial arteries typically paired or unpaired | unpaired |
| The left bronchial arteries come off __, while the right bronchial arteries come off | thoracic aorta, several sources |
| Bronchial veins drain 2x | proximal airways and root |
| The bronchial veins enter into 2x | The azygous system or intercostal veins |
| The proximal airways and root of the lung drain to the ____ | bronchial veins |
| The distal regions of the root of the lung drain __ | directly into the pulmonary vessels |
| The superficial plexus in the lung drains 2x, and feeds into the ____ aka ___ | visceral pleura and parenchyma. Feeds into the Hilar nodes(bronchopulmonary nodes) |
| The deep plexus in the lung drains to ____ | pulmonary nodes along the conducting airways |
| 2x merge with the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct near the ____ | left and right tracheobronchal nodes and bronchomediastinal nodes. near venous angle |
| The tracheobronchal nodes and bronchomediastinal nodes merge with 2x | right lymphatic and thoracic ducts |
| What is cranial nerve X aka | vagus nerve |
| Parasympathetic innervation to the lungs by ___ causes ___ and ___ | vagus nerve. causes bronchoconstriction and mucous secretion. |
| Sympathetic innervation to the lungs from the _____ causes 2x | sympathetic trunk. bronchodilation and inhibition to secretion |
| Which pleura has pain nerves | parietal pleura, not visceral |
| The parietal pleura is innervated by 2x | Intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve(in the mediastinal and diaphragmatic regions) |
| Two types of pain in the parietal pleura, and what causes each | Local(from intercostal nerves) and referred(from phrenic[C3-5) |
| ___ is obstruction of the pulmonary artery | embolus |
| Embolus is caused by 3x | blood clot, fat glob/plaque, air |
| The obstruction of the pulmonar artery, embolus, causes which 2 harmful effects | acute respiratory ditress(lack of O2 from a more proximal blockage) and pulmonary infarct(dead tissue from a more distal blockage) |
| Listening for sounds of air movement through the tree is called | auscultation of the lung |
| Thumping for resonance of the lung is called | percussion |
| Two results of percussion of the lung, and what each means | Dull=fluid. Flat=solid |
| Drawing of a foreign substance into the respiratory tract is called | aspiration |
| In aspiration, foreign bodies and fluids tend to enter _____ because it is ____ | right main broncus. It is straighter and wider, more medial since it doesnt have to go around the heart |
| Visiual inspection of hte bronchial tree can be provided by | bronchoscopy |
| Bronchoscopy can be used for 2x | removal of foregin bodies and sampling by biopsy or lavage |
| Shape of the pericardium | Cone-shaped sac |
| Outer layer of the pericardium | fibrous pericardium |
| the fibrous pericardium is continuous with 3x | Central tendon of diaphragm inferiorly, tunic externa of great vessels superiorly, and pericardial tendons |
| Purpose of the fibrous pericardium | unyielding, so it prevents the heart from overfilling |
| Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the | parietal pericardium |
| ___ aka ___ envelops the heart tissue | visceral pericardium aka epicardium |
| The potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardium is the | pericardial cavity |
| Two prominent sinuses in the pericardial cavity are the | oblique and transverse sinuses |
| the major supply and venous drainage for hte pericardium are the | pericardiacophrenic vessels |
| The pericardiacophrenic arteries are branches off the | internal thoracic arteries |
| Sensory innervation for the pericardium is provided by _____, by which spinal nerves | phrenic nerve, C3 C4 C5 keep you alive |
| Inflammation of hte pericardium is called | pericarditis |
| Pericarditis can cause | pericardial rub audible with a stethoscope |
| Compression of the heart due to fluid buildup is called | cardiac tamponade |
| Cardiac tamponade is due to fluid builup in the | pericardial cavity |
| What does cardiac temponade cause | imporper filling and emptying of the heart |
| Blood buildup in the pericardium due to stab wounds of vessel ruptures is called | Hemopericardium |
| Needle drainage of fluid from the pericardium is called | pericardiocentesis |
| Pericardiocentesis is performed where | left 5th or 6th intercostal space |
| Pain in the mediastinal pleura is assocaited with the | phrenic nerve |
| Percussion of the lung should sound | hollow. neither dull nor flat since these are both issues(fluid and solid resp.) |
| The oblique sinous passes ___ to hte heart | posteriorly, dorsal to the left atrium |
| The oblique sinus passes ___ to the heart | posteriorly |
| The apex of the heart is the inferior portion of the | left ventricle |
| The apex of the heart lies posterior to the ___ | 5th intercostal space |
| Which valve is audible at the apex | Mitral valve |
| the base of the heart is mainly the ___, but you do see some of the ___ posteriorly | left atrium. right atrium. |
| Four surfaces of the heart | Anterior, diaphragmatic, left pulmonary, right pulmonary surfaces |
| The anterior surface of the heart is aka the ___ and covers the | sternocostal surface, right ventricle |
| The diaphragmatic surface of the heart consists of the interaction of 2x on the heart and 1x inferior to the heart | Left and right ventricles. central tendon of diaphragm |
| the left pulmonary surface of the heart consists of the | left ventricle |
| The right pulmonary surface of the heart consists of the | right atrium |
| 5 fx of the skeleton of the heart | 1)keep the orifices of the valves open 2) keep valves from deforming under pressure of contraction 3)Sites of attachment for the leaflets of valves 4)Attachment for the myocardium 5)Insulation |
| 3 sources of blood for the right atrium | SVC, IVC, coronary sinus(retrun from systemic blood of myocardium) |
| What is the ridge lateral to the coronary sinus opening | Crista terminalis |
| In which chamber of hte heart is the crista terminalis located | RA |
| What is the smooth posterocranial wall in the right atrium | sinus venarum |
| In which chamber of the heart is the sinus venarum located | RA |
| Oval fossa, and in which chamber of the heart | depression left from the foramen ovale embryonic bypass. In RA |
| The ____ allows bypass of blood from the RA to LA | foramen ovale in embryo |
| The opening between the right atria and right ventricle is the | right atrioventricular orifice |
| Where is hte SA node located | The sinoatrial node is located on the upper wall of the RA at the juncture of the SVC |
| Where is the AV node located | The atrioventricular node is located at the base of the atrium near the coronary sinus |
| Which node is the first source of heart contraction | the SA node |
| Valve at the right atrioventricular orifice | tricuspid(AV) valve |
| The tricuspid valve is attached to ____ by ___ | 3 papillary muscles by chordae tendinae |
| Function of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae 2x | To stop reverse flow as the right ventricle contracts(systole) and prevents separation of the cusps |
| The wall seaparting the RV and LV is the | interventricular septum |
| The ____ carries part of the right AV bundle(conductive fibers from the Av node) | septomarginal trabeculae |
| The septomarginal trabeculae is located in which camber | RV |
| What projects over the ascending aorta on the right atrium | auricle |
| The apex of the ___ is the pulmonary valve | conus arteriosus(in the right ventricle), superior, towards pulmonary trunk |
| The pulmonary valve, aka the ___, is located at costal cartialge # | semiulunar. costal cartilage #3. |
| The base of the pulmonary trunk has dilations called ___, that f(x) to | pulmonary sinuses. collect blood and keep cusps from sticking to the walls when forced open by contraction. |
| Which chamber of the heart has a small auricle with pectinate muscles | left atrium |
| The walls of the left atrium are | smooth, and thicker than those of the right atrium |
| How many openings are there in the left atrium for the pulmonary veins | 4 |
| The valve connecting the left atrium and LV is called the ___ aka ___ | left atrioventricular valve, aka mitral valve, aka bicuspid valve |
| The ____ has thick walls, more prominent trabeculae, and thicker papillary muscles | left ventricle |
| The ___ is the smooth walled region leading to the aortic semilunar valves | aortic vestibule |
| The aortic vestibule is located in which chamber, and what is it | LV. smooth walled region leading to the aortic valve |
| What is the cardiac silhouette | the white halo made by the mediastinum in x-rays of the chest, since hte lungs are so dark |
| Failure of the oval foramen to close after birth leads to | patent foramen ovale, an atrial septal defect |
| What is the issue with patent foramen ovale(think of response of hte heart) | It can allow blood to mix between the two atria since hte oval foreamen doesn't become a fossa. This mixes systemic and pulmonary blood, leading to decreased O2 in the body, enlargement of the RA and RV, and enlargement of the pulmonary trunk. |
| #1 birth defect | openings in the interventricular spetum, a ventricular septal defect |
| The membranous region of hte interventricular septum is from | neural crest cells |
| Openings in the interventricular septum lead to 3x | LV to RV flow, pulmonary hypertension, and RV hypertrophy |
| What is pulmonary stenosis, and what does it lead to | hardened valve sucsps lead to a smaller outflow track, singifnciantly reducing flow out of the RV. leads to RV hypertrophy |
| What is aortic stenosis, and what does it lead to | calcified aortic valve, wall may thicken too leading to less flow out of LV. leads to LV hypertrophy. |
| Aortic stenosis is coorectable with | valvuloplasty(valve replacement surgery) |
| Idopathic | from an unknown cause |
| Cardiomyopathy | The heart muscle streches, so there are big baggy ventricles, and the heart loses the ability to pump effectively. Reduced ejection fraction. |
| Both aortic stenosis and cardiomyopathy can lead to ___, which is ___ | congestive heart failure, in which reduced arterial pressure causes fluid to accumulate in the body and in the lungs, i.e. gut legs, abdominal cavity. Develop a cough because fluid is collecting in the lungs |
| The two major coronary arteries arise from the | aortic sinus |
| 4 branches of the right coronary artery | 1)SA nodal branch most of the time(deep to right auricle) 2)Right marginal branch(down the right border) 3)AV nodal branch(off of posterior right coronary) 4)Posterior IV branch(posterior descending branch), supplies IV septum |
| 3 Branches of the left coronary artery | Almost immediately divides into anterior IV branch and circumflex branch. 40% will have SA nodal branch come off left coronary instead of right. |
| The anterior IV branch branches into | left anterior descending branch and lateral diagonal branch |
| The left marginal branch comes off the | circumflex branch |
| The anterior regions of the heart are drained by 4x | great cardiac vein. middle cardiace vein(wraps around underneath), small cardiac vein, and anterior cardiac veins(drain directly to atrium without coronary sinus) |
| The posterior regions of the heart are drained by 3x | middle cardiac vein, left posterior ventricular vein, and left marginal vein |
| Where do the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct drain | To the venous angle on he brachiocephalic veins where the subclavian and internal jugular veins merge |
| What is longer, the left or right brachiocephalic vein | left, since it courses ventral to the main ateries |
| The right lmyphatic duct drains ____ and merges with systemic circulation ____ | the superior quadrant of the body, right brachiocephalic vein |
| The thoracic duct drains _____ and merges with the systemic circulation ___ | everything but the upper limbs and head, left braciocephalic vein |
| The SVC receives blood from all the structures superior to the diaphragm except ___ | the heart and lung parenchyma |
| What goes down lateral to the SVC between the SVC and the mediastinal pleura | right phrenic nerve |
| Where does the aortic arch become the thoracic aorta | T4 body |
| The left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of the | vagus nerve |
| Which nerve loops under the aortic arch | left recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| What does the ligamentum arteriosum connect | the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk |
| The vagus nerve, aka ___, arises from the | CNX, medulla oblongata |
| The left and right vagus nerve descend in neurovascular bundles with the ___, and these are called the | common carotids, carotid sheath |
| When the vagus nerve gets to the mediastinum, it makes 3 main plexuses of nerve fibers called the 3x. What type of innervation is this | Cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, and esophageal plexus. Parasympathetic innervation. So it stimulates parastalsis, and bronchiol constriction |
| Which nerve loops under the right subclavian artery | the right recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| The phrenic nerve originates from ____, and innervates ___ | C3-5. Diaphragm. |
| Is the thoracic aorta anterior of posterior to the root of left lung and esophagus | posterior |
| The thoracic aorta continues through the diaphgram via the | aortic hiatus |
| 6 anterior branches of the thoracic aorta, superior to inferior. serve mostly ____ structures | bronchial, mediastinal, esophageal(2), pericardial(2), superior phrenic(to the diaphragm). The anterior branches supply mostly visceral structures, and are not really paired |
| The posterior and lateral branches of the thoracic aorta are ____ and serve mostly ___ | paired, mostly parietal structures. |
| The azygous vein arises from the ____ | abdominal IVC |
| The hemiazygous vein can come off the ___ | left renal vein |
| The thoracic duct begins as the ____, and travels ___ to the vertebral bodies | chyle cisterna. anterior |
| The esophagus lies between the ___ and ___ and enters the abdominal cavity by the ___ | trachea, vertebral column. Esophageal hiatus. |
| 3 main points of constriction on the esophagus | At the aortic arch, the left main bronchus, and the diaphgragm. |
| The esophagus receives its blood supply from the ____ and ____ arteries off the ___ | bronchial and esophageal arteries off the anterior part of the thoracic aorta |
| Autonomic innervation for the esophagus comes from the ____, derived from ___ and ___ | esophageal plexus. CNX(vagus) and sympathetic trunk |
| The abdominal cavity is lined with | peritoneum(parietal and visceral just like pleura). |
| When splitting the abdominal cavity into quadrants, which two lines are used, and which four regions does this make | median and transumbilical(transverse). Makes Right upper quadrant(RUQ), LUQ, RLQ, LLQ |
| Layers of protective fascia of the abdominal wall | 1)Camper's fascia 2)Scarpa's fascia 3)Investing fascias 4)Endoabdominal fascia 5)Extraperitoneal fat 6)Parietal peritoneum |
| Camper's fascia | subcutaneous fat |
| Scarpa's fascia | tought membranous layer deep to Camper's |
| Investing fascias | contribute to rectus sheat of abdominal muscles. Medially become the aponeurosis of their resepctive muscles. There is superficial, intermdiate, and deep investing fascia. |
| endoabdominal fascia(what is it superficial and deep to) | deep to the muscles, superficial to the extraperitoneal fat. Tough in order to support the abdominal wall |
| Extraperitoneal fat(what is it superficial to) | protection, superifical to the peritoneum. Tends to be thicker posterior |
| Parietal peritoneum | lines the walls of the abdomen on the inside |
| The ____ of the rectus sheath is discontinuous inferiorly | posterior layer |
| Distal to the umbilicus, all the abdominal muscle aponeurosis pass ____ to the ____. This is visible on the internal wall as the __ | superficial to the rectus. Arcuate line |
| How many umbilical folds/ligaments are there on the interior of the abdominal wall, and what are they | 5. 1 median, 2 medial, and 2 lateral |
| The median umbilical fold(ligament) extends from the ____ to the ___ | apex of the bladder to the umbilicus |
| What is the remnant of the fetal urachus | The median umbilical fold |
| The median umbilical fold is a remnant of the | fetal urachus(drains urinary bladder of fetus through umbilical cord) |
| The medial umbilical folds(ligaments) cover(are remnants of) the ___ | medial umbilical arteries(occluded after development) |
| The lateral umbilical folds cover the | inferior epigastric vessels(still in use after birth) |
| Layers of the anterior rectus sheat superior to the arcuate line | Aponeurosis of exteneral and interal obliques |
| Layers of the posterior rectus sheath superior to the arcuate line | Internal oblique and transverse abdominus aponeuroses |
| Layers of the anterior rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line | External and internal obliques, and tranverse abdominus aponeuroses |
| Layers of the posterior rectus sheath inferior to the arcuate line | Transveralis fascia |
| The inguinal ligament runs from the __ to the __ | Anterior superior iliac spine, pubic tubercle |
| What is the space under the inguinal ligament, and what lies in it | The subinguinal space, contains the femoral sheath(femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral canal), neurovascualture, and hip flexors(psoas major and pectineus) |
| The deep inguinal ring is in the | tranversalis fascia |
| The deep inguinal ring is ___ to the inferior epigastrics, while the superficial inguinal ring is ___ to the inferior epigastrics | lateral, medial |
| The superficial inguinal ring is an opening in ____ in particular | the aponeurosis of the external obliques |
| The superficial rings have __ to keep the ring from splitting apart | Intercrural fibers |
| 4 contents of the inguinal canal | blood vessels, lymphatic ducts, ilioinguinal nerve, and spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus |
| In development, the gonads are attached to the peritoneum by the | gubernaculum |
| The upper gubernaculum becomes the ___ in females, while the lower gubernaculum becomes the ___ | ovarian ligament, round ligament of the uterus |
| Tissue of the scrotom and spermatic cord are distal extensions of the abdominal muscles and peritoneum except the | tranverse abdominumus |
| The pocket of peritoneum as the male gonads descend, and what does it becomes | processus vaginalis, becomes the tunica vaginalis |
| Spermatic cord coverings and fascia, from superficial to deep, and what forms each | External spermatic fascia(from external oblique fascia), cremasteric muscle(internal obliques), cremasteric fascia(IO fascia), internal spermatic fascia(transversalis fascia), tunica vaginalis(parietal and visceral peritoneum) |
| What is more common, indirect or direct herniation, and what is each aka | indirect(congentigal) inguinal herniation, is more common than direct(acquired) herniation |
| Indirect inguinal hernias occur ___ to the ingerior epigastrics, and pass through ___ | lateral. through the spermatic cord via both inguinal rings |
| Direct inguinal herniation occurs ___ to the inferior epigastrics, and passes through ___ | medial. can involve superficial inguinal ring, pushe through medial inguinal fossa. Doesn't take the path of the spermatic cord. |
| Innervation of the peritoneum | Parietal peritoneum is innervated by nerves suppling the abdominal walls. Localized sensation of everything. While the visceral peritoneum is innervated by adjacent organ, no touch, temp, or laceration sense, but does have referred chem or mech pain |
| Are there organs in the peritoneal cavitiy | no |
| Ascities | fluid in the peritoneal cavitiy. can be caused by infection, metastases, and blood |
| Fluid in the peritoneal cavity, called ___, is removed by | ascites, paracentesis |
| Healed wounds resulting in unnatrualy fused layers of peritoneum is called ___, and removed via ___, and causes ___ | adhesions, adhesiotomy, impeded movement of viscera |
| Viscera with a mesentery are | mobile |
| Three ligaments of the greater omentum | gastrophrenic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament, and the big gastrocolic ligament |
| Two ligaments of the lesser omentum | Heptaogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament, but no separation |
| Which omental ligament contains the portal triad | The heptoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum |
| What three things make the portal traid | portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct |
| The greater sac and omental bursa are subdivisions of the | peritoneal cavity, but fluid is continuous between the two |
| Which dome of the diaphragm is higher, and whhy | the right dome, because the liver props it up |
| Muscle fibers of the diaphragm converge on the | central tendon of the diaphragm |
| Muscle regions of the diaphragm | sternal, costal(big), lumbar |
| The ligament that passes over the aorta at the aortic hiatus | median arcuate ligament |
| The median arcuate ligament is planked by | the left crus and right crus |
| The ligament of the diaphragm that passes over the psoas major is the | medial arcuate ligament(on either side) |
| The ligament of the diaphragm that passes over the quadatrus lumborum is the | lateral arcuate ligament |
| The crura of the diaphragm arise from | L1-3, anterior longitudinal ligament, and IV discs |
| Three main openings of the diaphragm, and what passes through each, and locations | Caval opening(slightly to right on central tendon), for IVC and distal exts. of r. phrenic nerve. IVD between T8-9. Esophageal hiatus at T10, contains vagus fibers(of autonomic plexus) and esop. vessels. 3)Aortic hiatus at T12, w/ azygous and thor. duct |
| apetures in the sternal muscles of the diaphrag, and what passes through them | Sternocostal triangles. Passing lmyph ducts and the superior epigastrics |
| The superior epigastrics pass through the diaphragm via the | sternocostal triangles |
| The arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm allow passage of 2x | deep abdominal muscles(psoas major and quatrautus lumborum) and sympathetic trunks |
| Apertures in the crura of the diaphgram allow passage of the | splanchinic nerves |
| Blood supply to the diaphragm | The musculophrenic arteries and pericardiophrenic arteries from the ITAs, the superior phrenic arteries from the Thoracic artery, and the inferior phrenic arteries from the abdominal aorta |
| The superior phrenic arteries serve which part of the diaphragm in partciular | Come from thoracic aorta. Serve dorsal/lumbar regions of the diaphragm |
| Sensory innervation of the diaphragm, and differences between pain types | Central regions from the phrenic(leads to referred pain to shoulder). Peripheral regions get sensory innervation from the adjacent intercostal and subcostal nerves(locallized). |
| Motor innervation of the diaphragm | All from the phrenic nerve |
| Accessory phrenic | Only in some people, a C5 cintribution that joins with the phrenic nerve to innervate the diaphragm. |
| A defect in retinoic acid signaling during development causes | congenital diaphragmatic hernia |
| What causes congential diaphragmatic herniation | retinoic acid signaling defect during development |
| What is it called when the stomach protrudes through the esopheageal hiatus | hiatal herniation |
| Hiatal hernia | stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiaths |
| Paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta, and locations | paired lumbar arteries(L1-4) that go to the back wall. Also the inferior phrenic arteries(T12), which supply the diaphragm and sometimes the suprarenal glands |
| Unpaired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta, and locations | median sacral artery(at bifurcation point of abdominal aorta into the common iliac arteries)L4 |
| Paired visceral arteries off abdominal aorta, and locations | Suprarenal arteries(At L1, same level as SMA). Renal arteries(just distal, but still L1). Gonadal arteries(testicular or orvarian arteries) between L2-3. The right is lower than the left |
| Unpaired visceral arteries off the adbominal aorta, and locations | Come off ventral. Celiac trunk(T12). SMA(L1). IMA(L3, below the testicular and ovarian arteries |
| Abdominal veins typically drain to ____, except 2x which drain to 2x | IVC. Except mesenteric veins which drain to the hepatic portal system, and the left gonadal vein which drains to the left renal vein. |
| O and I of quadratus lumborum | O: Iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest. I: 12th rib, lumbar tranverse processes |
| A of quadratus lumborum | Extends the vertebral column, laterally flexes the vertebral column, fixes the 12th rib during inspiration. |
| Muscles of the iliopsoas muscle group, and main fx of the group | Psoas major and iliacus. chief flexors of the thigh,trunk |
| Psoas major O, I, A | O: Lumbar vertebrae I: Lesser trochanter of femur A: flexes thigh/trunk, balance of trunk |
| Iliacus O, I, A | O: Iliac fossa, ala of sacrum I: Lesser trochanter of femur A: Thigh flexor |
| Branches of the celiac trunk | Splenic artery, common hepatic artery, and left gastric artery |
| Where does the esophagus terminate | At the Z-line at the esophagogastric junction |
| What forms the inferior esophageal sphincter | diaphragmatic muscle |
| The distal regions of the esophagus get blood from the ___, returns blood from the ____, and drains lymph through the ___ | left gastric artery, left gastric vein, left gastric nodes |
| Innervation for the esophagus comes from 3x | Vagal trunk, tympathetic trunk, splanchinic nerves |
| Parts of the stomach | Cardia(receives esophagus), fundus(top), body, pyloric antrum, then pyloric canal(narrorest part of the stomach), then pylorus right before the duodenum |
| ____ aka ____ mark the internal surface of the stomach, forming the | gastric folds/rugae form the gastic canals |
| The vasculature to the stomach is all traceable back to the | celiac trunk |
| The lesser curvature of the stomach receives its blood from | the left gastric artery(celiac trunk) and right gastric artery(off hepatic artery from common hepatic artery from the celiac trunk) |
| The greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by the | left and right gastro-omental arteries. |
| The left gastro-omental artery is a terminal extension of the | splenic artery(off the celiac) |
| Right gastro-omental artery is the terminal end of the ____, which branches off the ___ | gastroduodenal artery, from the hepatic artery(first branch) |
| The fundus and upper body of the stomach are supplied by | the short gastric arteries(come from the splenic artery) |
| The vasvulature of the stomach drains to | the hepatic portal vessels |
| While the right gastro-omental artery came off the ____, the right gastro-omental vein drains to the __ | gastroduodenual artery(first branch off hepatic artery). Superior mesenteric vein(to the hepatic portal system) |
| Parts of the duodenum | Superior(short), descending(bile ducts and the main pancreatic ducts enter the posterior-medial wall), horizontal(dorsal to SMA and SMV, but ventral to aorta and IVC at L3). Ascending(L2-3) |
| Parts of the duodenum that have mesnetery, and parts that are mobile | The superior duodenum has a mesentery and is mobile, while the rest(distal duodnuem) is immoble and retroperitoneal |
| Blood supply to the duodenum | Superior and descending duodenum receive blood from branches off the celiac trunk. Horizontal and ascending duodenum receive blood from SMA branches |
| Blood drainage from the duodenum | Proximally, the duodenum drains to the duodenal veins directly, while they drain indirectly to the duodenal veins distally |
| Do the jejunum and ileum have the mesentery | yes |
| Anchor point of the mesentery holding the jejunum and ileum | the root |
| Arterial supply for the jejnum and ilieum comes from ___ | SMA |
| which has longer vasa rectae, the jejnum or the ileum | jejunum(longer name) |
| Venous drainage of the jejunum and ileum | SMV to the hepatic portal system |
| Lymph/fat from the jejnum and ileum are collected in | lacteals |
| Sympatheic innervation for the jejunum and ileum | comes from the splanchicn nerve and sympathetic drunk, converging on the superior mesenteric ganglion |
| Parasympathetic innervation for the jejnum and ileum | Vagus trunk, terminate in myenteric submucosal plexuses |
| Thickened bands of lontiduinal muscle fiber in the LI | Teniae coli |
| Sacculations between rings of circular muscle in the LI | haustra |
| Fatty projections on the SI | omental appendicides |
| Does the cecum have mesentery? Mobile? | No mesentery, but is mobile |
| The mesentery of the vermiform appendix is the | mesoappendix, which partly anchors the appendix to the ileum |
| The appendix and cecum receive blood from the ___, and drain blood to the ___ | ileocolic artery(branch of SMA), drain to ileocolic vein |
| Base of the appendix is located at the ___, which is where | McBurney Point, 1/3 the distance from the ASIS to the umbillicus |
| The right colic flexure is aka the, and the left colic flexure is aka the | hepatic flexure, splenic flexure |
| The vertical groove lined with peritoneum on the lateral aspect of the ascending colon | the right paracolic gutter |
| The ascending colon receives blood from | Ileocolic artery(like cecum and appnedix) and right colic artery, both from SMA, same for veins |
| The tranverse colon's splenic flexure attachs to the diaphragm via the | phrenicolic ligament |
| What divides the supracolic and epicolic divisions of the peritoneal cavity | the tranverse mesocolon(mesentery) |
| The tranverse colon receives blood from | the middle colic artery(from SMA) and marginal artery(anatstomosis between SMA and IMA) |
| Lymph drainage of the tranverse colon | The middle colic nodes, which go to the superior mesentery plexus |
| The descending colon ends at the | left iliac fossa |
| Descending colon mesentery vs sigmoid | no mesentery for most people, and it is retroperitoneal for descending. For sigmoid, long mesentery, so a lot of free movement |
| Like the ascending colon, the descending colon has a | paracolic gutter |
| The sigmoid colon runs from the ___ to the __ | left iliac fossa to S3 |
| Blood supply for hte descending and sigmoid colons | From IMA. Left colic artery and sigmoid artery. Anatomseses at marginal artery with SMA. |
| 3 fx of liver | store glycogen, secrete bile, detoxify |
| Two surfaces of hte liver | diaphragmatic surface(top), and visceral surface |
| Bare area of the liver | The region of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver not invested with peritoneum, so it is in direct contact with the diaphragm |
| Visceral surface of the liver is invested with peritoneum except at the | porta hepatis(entry point for the portal triad and gall bladder bed) |
| Anteriorly, the left and right lobes of the liver are separated by the ___, which merges inferiorly to the ___ | falciform ligament. round ligament of the liver(contains a remnet of an umbilical vessel) |
| Posterior lobes of the liver, and what are they separated by | Main right lobe, caudate, quadrate, left lobe. Separated by the left and right sagital fissures |
| What 2x define the left sagittal fissure of the posterior liver, and theyre remnants of what | The ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver. The ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the ductus venosus. The round ligament of hte liver is a remnant of the umbilical vein |
| What 2x define the right saggital fissure of hte posterior liver | IVC and gall bladder |
| Blood supply to the liver comes from | Portal vein 3/4 and hepatic artery 25%. These vessels each branch left and right to form vascular segments with no communication between them |
| Drainage of the liver, and what do these veins empty to | By hepatic veins that run between adjacent segments(right, left, and intermediate). Empty to IVC |
| Most common cause of portal hypertension | cirrhosis |
| Clinical soluation to portal hypertension | Portosystemic shunt from the portal vein to the IVC or renal veins |
| Portal systemic anatomses 4x | Left gastric vein with esophageal veins. Paraumbilical veins with the superficial epigastric veins. Superior rectal veins with the middle/inferior rectal veins. Colic veins with retroperitoneal veins |
| Which parts of the gall bladder are held to the liver, and by what | Fundus and body, by the peritoneum |
| The fundus projects from the inferior border of the liver at the | 9th costal cartilage |
| The gall bladder neck tapers into the | cystic duct |
| The bile duct is ade from the | cystic duct from the gall bladder and the common hepatic duct from the liver |
| the cystic duct is held open by the | spiral valve |
| Purpose of the spiral valve | Allows bile to flow into the gall bladder when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed(so bile can't pass through the bile duct) |
| The gall bladder is supplied by the ___, which is a branch of the ___ | Cystic artery, from the hepatic artery |
| Venous return for the gall bladder drains to | directly to the portal vein for the neck. Directly to the liver for the fundus and body |
| Gall stone blockage of the cystic duct leads to | Cholecystitis(inflammation of the gall bladder) |
| Where would gall stones cause pancreatitis | If they get stuck in the hepatopancreatic ampula |
| Bile not being able to flow to the duodenum causes ____? What can also cause this? | Obstructive jaundice. Also caused by pancreatic cancer |
| Is the spleen intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal | Intraperitoneal |
| The spleen rests between which ribs | 9th and 11th. When supine, the long axis parallels the course of the 10th rib |
| the spleen is attached to the peritoneum near the left kidney by the | splenorenal ligament |
| Largest branch of the celiac trunk | splenic artery |
| What joins with the splenic vein, and what does this combined splenic vein join, to form what | The inferior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein, combines with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein |
| Spleen f(x) can be taken over by 3x | Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes |
| Two important pancreatic secretion types | Digestive eneyzmes from acinar(ground) cells, and hormones from islets |
| The __ of the head of the pancreas loops medially around the SMV | uncinate process |
| Does the neck of the pancreas pass anterior or posterior to the SM vessels | anterior |
| the tail of the pancreas passes throguh __ on its way to the spleen | the splenorenal ligament, along with the splenic veins |
| The bile duct mergers with the ___ to form the ___ | pancreatic duct, forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| The hepatopancreatic ampula empties via the | major duodenal papilla of the descending duodenum |
| Sphincter that controls release from the hepatopancreatic duct | The hepatopancreatic sphincter of Oddi |
| There can be an accessory pancreatic duct that drains the ___, and empties into the ___ | uncinate process, minor papilla on the duodenum |
| Blood supply to the pancreas head | SMA and right gastroduodenal artery(from the hepatic artery) |
| Blood supply to the body and tail of the pancreas | Splenic artery |
| Pancreatic cancer in the head region leads to 3x | Interferes with biliary f(x), portal vein flow, and IVC flow |
| Are the kidneys and suprarenal glands intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal | Retroperitoneal |
| Which two nerves pass on the dorsal surfaces of the kidneys | The subcostal nerves and ilioinguinal nerves |
| What fat surrounds the kidneys? What is this continuous with | perinephric fat. with periuretic fat along the ureters |
| What is the perinephric fat enclosed in | renal fascia |
| Which kidney is lower | The right kidney because of the liver |
| Extensions of cortical(cortex) tissue into the medullary region of the kidney | Renal columns |
| Peaks of the renal pyramids are aka ___, and form ____ and ___, which form the ___ | papillae, major(fusion) and minor(from 1 papilla) calyces, merge into renal pelvis |
| The renal arteries emerge from the abdominal aorta between which two vertebrae | L1-2 |
| Which renal artery is longer | right renal artery |
| Which renal vein is longer | Left |
| What happens to the renal artery at the kidney hilum | It divides into 5 segmental arteries(no anastoamoes) |
| From the renal artery to the segmental arteries of the kidney, they then break into ___, which curve to become ___, and straighten back out to become __ | Interlobar arteries that run in between the pyramids, they curve around the medulla to become arcuate arteries, and they go straight out the cortex as interlobular arteries |
| 3 potential contriction points of the ureters | Renal pelvis, pelvic brim, passage into bladder |
| Arterial supply to the ureters | Renal arteries, gonadal arteries, abdominal aorta |
| Venous drainage of the ureters | ureter veins, which drain to the renal or gonal veins |
| Suprarenal glands are enclosed in the | renal fascia |
| the renal fascia attaches the suprarenal glands to the | crura of the diaphragm |
| The medulla of the suprarenal gland secretes, while the cortex secretes | E and Ne, cortisol and androgens |
| 3 Arterial sources of the suprarenal glands, and their sources | Superior suprarenal arteries(from inferior phrenic artery), middle suprarenal glands(from the abdominal aorta), inferior suprarenal arteries(from the renal artery) |
| Venous drainage of the suprarenal galnds | 1 suprarenal vein for each |
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yankeefan13267