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Religion of History'
100 Most Influential People
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the founder of Islam and is regarded by Muslims as the last messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: الله Allah), and is also regarded as a prophet by the Druze and as a Manifestation of God by the Baha'i Faith. | Muhammad |
| He was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. He showed the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism. | Isaac Newton |
| In mechanics, he enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. | Isaac Newton |
| In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into a visible spectrum. | Isaac Newton |
| In mathematics, he shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the calculus. | Isaac Newton |
| He demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series. | Isaac Newton |
| He is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. He is to appear at a time in the future, before Yawm al-Qiyamah (The Day of Resurrection, Judgement Day). A sort of Islamic Anti-Christ | Dajjal |
| also known as Jesus of Nazareth, was a 1st century Jewish leader who is the central figure of Christianity, and is also an important figure in several other religions. | Jesus Christ |
| Passed down by oral tradition, the Tripitaka, the collection of teachings attributed to him by the Theravada, was committed to writing about 400 years later. | Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) |
| He was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and life. | Confucius |
| Confucianism was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit ________, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius." | Matteo Ricci |
| He is best remembered for his role in the conflict with Arius and Arianism. | Athanasius of Alexandria |
| He is chronologically the first Doctor of the Church so designated by the Roman Catholic Church | Athanasius of Alexandria |
| This man, the "Apostle to the Gentiles"[2] was, together with Saint Peter and James the Just[3], the most notable of early Christian missionaries. | St. Paul |
| His epistles are believed to be the earliest-written books of the New Testament. | St. Paul |
| He was a Chinese eunuch, who is conventionally regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper (as opposed to Egyptian papyrus) | Ts'ai Lun |
| was a German goldsmith and printer, who is credited with inventing movable type printing in Europe (c. 1439) and mechanical printing globally. | Johannes Gutenberg |
| Johannes Gutenberg's major work, _______, has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality. | The Gutenberg Bible (the 42-line Bible) |
| This man was the first major master in the history of printmaking. | The Master of the Playing Cards |
| While history places great significance on his first voyage of 1492, he did not actually reach the American mainland until his third voyage in 1498. Instead, he made landfall on an island in the Bahamas Archipelago that he named San Salvador | Christopher Columbus |
| His other contributions include relativistic cosmology, capillary action, critical opalescence, an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules, atomic transition probabilities... | Albert Einstein |
| was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in microbiology. | Louis Pasteur |
| His experiments confirmed the germ theory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperal fever (childbed), and he created the first vaccine for rabies. | Louis Pasteur |
| He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. He also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the asymmetry of crystals. | Louis Pasteur |
| His achievements include the first systematic studies of uniformly accelerated motion, improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. | Galileo Galilei |
| His contributions to observational astronomy include the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named in his honour, and the observation and analysis of sunspots. | Galileo Galilei |
| He was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | Aristotle |
| His logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have and was not superseded until the late nineteenth century. | Aristotle |
| Though he wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost. | Aristotle |
| "The Father of Geometry" was a Greek mathematician of the Hellenistic period who flourished in Alexandria, Egypt, almost certainly during the reign of Ptolemy I (323 BC–283 BC). | Euclid |
| Euclid (Greek: Εὐκλείδης — Eukleidēs), fl. 300 BC, also known as Euclid of Alexandria, "The Father of Geometry" was a Greek mathematician of the Hellenistic period who flourished in Alexandria, Egypt, almost certainly during the reign of Ptolemy I (323 BC | Euclid |
| His Elements is the most successful textbook in the history of mathematics. In it, the principles of Euclidean geometry are deduced from a small set of axioms. | Euclid |
| His Elements includes much number theory, in considering the connection between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes, the infinitude of prime numbers, Euclid's lemma on factorization. | Euclid |
| Biblical Hebrew religious leader, lawgiver, prophet, and military leader, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. He is also an important prophet in many faiths. | Moses |
| According to the book of Exodus, he was born to a Hebrew mother who hid him when a Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed, and ended up being adopted into the Egyptian royal family. | Moses |
| Despite living to 120, he did not enter the Land of Israel, as he disobeyed God when God instructed him on how to bring forth water from a rock in the desert. | Moses |
| His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell’s uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. | Charles Darwin |
| Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on his voyage, he investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838. | Charles Darwin |
| His research was still in progress in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described a similar theory, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. | Charles Darwin |
| originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. | John Herschel |
| As the ruler of the Great Qin, he was known for the introduction of Legalism and also for unifying China. | Qin Shi Huang |
| Having unified China, he and his chief adviser Li Si passed a series of major reforms aimed at cementing unification, and they undertook some gigantic projects | Qin Shi Huang |
| His gigantic projects included the precursor version of the current Great Wall of China, a city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, at the expense of numerous human lives. | Qin Shi Huang |
| To ensure stability, he outlawed Confucianism and buried many of its scholars alive, banning and burning all books other than those officially decreed. | Qin Shi Huang |
| This man joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. | Augustus (Octavian) |
| Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of _______ by the armies of Octavian in 31 BC. | Actium |
| As a Triumvir, Octavian effectually ruled Rome and most of its provinces[1] as an autocrat, seizing consular power after the deaths of the consuls ______ and _______ | Hirtius and Pansa |
| The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the _______ | Pax Augusta |
| Much of the city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as the __________ | Res Gestae Divi Augusti |
| the month of Sextilis was officially renamed August in his honour | Augustus |
| His character was once described as being half fox, and half lion, due to his perceived cunning and bravery; Machiavelli would later allude to this description of him in outlining the most desirable characteristics of a prince. | Sulla |
| He was the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| Copernicus epochal book, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) |
| This man, the father of modern chemistry,[1] was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. | Antoine Lavoisier |
| He stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass,[2] recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783), disproved the phlogiston theory | Antoine Lavoisier |
| He introduced the metric system | Antoine Lavoisier |
| He was proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 306, ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death. | Constantine the Great |
| Best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor | Constantine the Great |
| This edict - issued Constantine's co-emperor Licinius - helped to put an end to institutionalized persecution of Christians in the Empire. | The Edict of Milan |
| The mother of Constantine | Helena |
| In 324, Constantine announced his decision to transform Byzantium into this | Nova Roma |
| Constantinople would remain the capital of the Byzantine Empire for over a thousand years, a reign interrupted only briefly by its 1204 sacking and occupation in the ___________, until it finally fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. | Fourth Crusade |
| He was a Scottish inventor and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution. | James Watt |
| He discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. | Michael Faraday |
| His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. | Michael Faraday |
| As a chemist, he discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. | Michael Faraday |
| he SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him, as is the Faraday constant, the charge on a mole of electrons (about 96,485 coulombs). | Michael Faraday |
| This law states that a magnetic field changing in time creates a proportional electromotive force. | Faraday's Law of Induction |
| His most significant achievement was aggregating a set of equations in electricity, magnetism and inductance — Maxwell's equations — including an important modification of Ampère's Circuital Law. | James Clerk Maxwell |
| James Clerk Maxwell also developed the _________, a statistical means to describe aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. | Maxwell Distribution |
| He is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861. | James Clerk Maxwell |
| in 1861 he wrote a four-part publication in the Philosophical Magazine called On Physical Lines of Force where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. | James Clerk Maxwell |
| He was a German monk,theologian, and Protestant Reformer. He is often considered the founder of Protestantism. | Martin Luther |
| According to Luther, salvation was attainable only by faith in Jesus as the ______, a faith unmediated by the church. | Messiah |
| His translation of the Bible into the German vernacular, making it more accessible to ordinary people, had a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. | Martin Luther |
| His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage within Protestantism. | Martin Luther |
| Much scholarly debate has concentrated on his writings about the Jews.[9] His statements that Jews' homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money confiscated and liberty curtailed were revived and used in propaganda by the Nazis | Martin Luther |
| He was the first President of the United States, (1789–1797),[3] after leading the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). | George Washington |
| He was a cavalry officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was the Governor of Virginia and a U.S. Congressman, as well as the father of American Civil War general Robert E. Lee. | Henry Lee III |
| He was a 19th century philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. Often called the father of communism, he was both a scholar and a political activist. | Karl Marx |
| Their fundamental breakthrough was their invention of "three axis-control", which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium.[2] This method became standard on fixed wing aircraft of all kinds. | Orville and Wilbur Wright |
| Their U.S. patent 821,393 claims the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulates a flying machine's surfaces. | The Wright Brothers |
| This man, born Temüjin was the founder, Khan (ruler) and posthumously declared Khagan (emperor[2]) of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history. | Ghenghis Khan |
| He died of unknown causes in 1227 after a campaign to subjugate the Xi Xia and Jin dynasties in China. | Ghenghis Khan |
| He is known primarily as the author of two treatises: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). | Adam Smith |
| He is most famous today as the strongest candidate proposed (next to William Shakespeare of Stratford) for the authorship of Shakespeare's plays. | Edward De Vere |
| He was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist, born at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth in Cumbria. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness | John Dalton |
| This is sometimes called Daltonism, in honour of John Dalton. | Colour blindness. |
| Prior to his death, he had already made plans for military and mercantile expansions into to the Arabian peninsula, after which he was to turn his armies to the west and (Carthage, Rome, and the Iberian Peninsula) | Alexander the Great |
| He died after twelve years of constant military campaigning, possibly as a result of malaria, poisoning, typhoid fever, viral encephalitis or the consequences of alcoholism. | Alexander the Great |
| His legacy and conquests lived on long after him, and ushered in centuries of Greek settlement and cultural influence over distant areas. This period is known as the Hellenistic Age, and featured a combination of Greek, Middle Eastern and Indian culture | Alexander the Great |
| He was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as Premier Consul of the French Republic, Empereur des Français, King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| he first rose to prominence as a general of the French Revolution, leading several successful campaigns against the First Coalition and the Second Coalition arrayed against France. In late 1799, he staged a coup d'état | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| In the first decade of the nineteenth century, he turned the armies of France against almost every major European power, dominating continental Europe through a lengthy streak of military victories—epitomized through battles like Austerlitz & Friedland | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| This is what Napoleon called his army | La Grande Armee |
| In October 1813, the ______ defeated Napoleon's forces at Leipzig and then invaded France. | Sixth Coalition |
| Napoleon returned to France and regained control of the government in the ________ prior to his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815. | Hundred Days |
| Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment of the _________, which laid the bureaucratic foundations for the modern French state. | Napoleonic Code |
| Together with his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, this man helped to lay the philosophical foundations of Western culture. | Plato |
| He was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. | Oliver Cromwell |
| He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army, which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. | Oliver Cromwell |
| After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, this man dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. | Oliver Cromwell |
| A brilliant soldier (nicknamed "Old Ironsides") he rose from leading a single cavalry troop to command of the entire army. He was the third person to sign Charles I's death warrant in 1649 and was an MP in the Rump Parliament (1649-1653). | Oliver Cromwell |
| He led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650-51. On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament before being made Lord Protector of Eng, Scot, Ireland. | Oliver Cromwell |
| He has been a very controversial figure in the history of Britain and Ireland – a regicidal dictator to some historians (such as David Hume and Christopher Hill) and a hero of liberty to others (such as Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Rawson Gardiner). | Oliver Cromwell |
| Most often associated with the invention of the telephone, this man was also called "the father of the deaf". His father, grandfather and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf. | Alexander Graham Bell |
| His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices that eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. | Alexander Graham Bell |
| Many inventions marked his later life including groundbreaking work in hydrofoils and aeronautics. In 1888, he was one of the founding members of the National Geographic Society. | Alexander Graham Bell |
| In reflection, he considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study. | Alexander Graham Bell |
| He was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. He published many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. | Alexander Fleming |
| His best-known achievements are the discovery of the enzyme lysozyme in 1922 and discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in 1945 with Florey and Chain. | Alexander Fleming |
| He is considered the first of the British Empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory. | John Locke |
| He also postulated that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa"; that is, contrary to Cartesian or Christian philosophy, he maintained that people are born without innate ideas. | John Locke |
| His hearing gradually deteriorated beginning in his twenties, yet he continued to compose masterpieces, and to conduct and perform, even after he was completely deaf. | Ludwig van Beethoven |
| was a celebrated German physicist and Nobel laureate, one of the founders of quantum mechanics and acknowledged to be one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. | Werner Heisenberg |
| He was the head of the German nuclear energy project under the Nazi regime, though the nature of this project, and his work in this capacity, has been heavily debated. | Werner Heisenberg |
| He is most well-known for discovering one of the central principles of modern physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and for the development of quantum mechanics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932. | Werner Heisenberg |
| He was a French artist and chemist, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography. | Louis Daguerre |
| The work on the Daguerre process was taking place at the same time as that of Fox Talbot in England on the _______ process. | Calotype process |
| He was a leader of several independence movements throughout South America, collectively known as Bolívar's War. | Simon Bolivar |
| His influence in mathematics is also apparent, the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. | Rene Descartes |
| In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, a treatise on the Early Modern version of what are now commonly called emotions, he goes so far as to assert that he will write on his topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". | Rene Descartes |
| As the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, he founded analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the invention of calculus and analysis. | Rene Descartes |
| His most famous statement is: Cogito ergo sum (French: Je pense, donc je suis; English: I think, therefore I am), found in §7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy (Latin) and in part IV of Discourse on the Method (French). | Rene Descartes |
| Later in life he designed the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the same city and revolutionised classical architecture with his use of the giant order of pilasters. | Michelangelo |
| In his lifetime he was also often called Il Divino ("the divine one"), an appropriate sobriquet given his intense spirituality. One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità | Michelangelo |
| it was the attempts of subsequent artists to imitate Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style that resulted in the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance, ________ | Mannerism |
| born Otho of Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was Pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–99) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church. | Pope Urban II |
| He became the second Caliph (634 – 644) following the death of Abu Bakr, and is thus regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the Rashidun (four righteously guided Caliphs). Because of his conquests and political skills he is regarded as a pivotal figure. | 'Umar ibn al-Khattab |
| He embraced Buddhism from the prevalent Vedic tradition after witnessing the mass deaths of the war of Kalinga, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated in the propagation of Buddhism across Asia. | Ashoka the Great |
| an Indian emperor, of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled from 273 BC to 232 BC. Often cited as one of India's greatest emperors, he reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. | Ashoka the Great |
| An emblem excavated from his empire is today the national emblem of India. | Ashoka the Great |
| He was a philosopher and theologian, and was bishop of the North African city of Hippo Regius for the last third of his life. | St. Augustine of Hippo |
| He framed the concepts of original sin and just war. | St. Augustine of Hippo |
| Born in present day Algeria as the eldest son of Saint Monica, he was educated in North Africa and baptized in Milan. His works—including The Confessions, which is often called the first Western autobiography—are still read around the world. | St. Augustine of Hippo |
| was an English medical doctor/physician, who is credited with being the first to correctly describe, in exact detail, the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. | William Harvey |
| Although Ibn al-Nafis and Michael Servetus had described pulmonary circulation before the time of this man, all but three copies of Servetus' manuscript Christianismi Restitutio were destroyed. | William Harvey |
| This Muslim Ibn al-Nafis is most famous for being the first physician to describe the pulmonary circulation,[1] and the capillary[2] and coronary circulations,[3][4] which form the basis of the circulatory system. | Ibn al-Nafis |
| He was a Spanish (Aragonese) theologian, physician, and humanist and the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation. | Michael Servetus |
| He was a chemist and physicist who became known as the "father" of nuclear physics. He pioneered the orbital theory of the atom. | Ernest Rutherford |
| He pioneered the orbital theory of the atom through his discovery of Rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908. | Ernest Rutherford |
| was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. | John Calvin |
| He is renowned for his teachings and writings, in particular for his Institutes of the Christian Religion. | John Calvin |
| He was an Augustinian priest and scientist often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. | Gregor Mendel |
| He showed that the inheritance of traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of his work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. Its rediscovery prompted the foundation of genetics. | Gregor Mendel |
| He was a German physicist. He is considered to be the founder of quantum theory, and therefore one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. | Max Planck |
| was an English surgeon who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. He successfully introduced carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds. | Joseph Lister |
| was the German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Although other internal combustion engines had been invented (e.g. by Étienne Lenoir) these were not based on four separate strokes. | Nicolaus Otto |
| He was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire and founder of Lima, La Ciudad de los Reyes, capital of Peru. | Francisco Pizarro |
| He was a Spanish conquistador who initiated the conquest of the Aztec Empire on behalf of Charles V, king of Castile and Holy Roman Emperor, in the early 16th century. | Hernan Cortes |
| After he overthrew the Aztec empire, this m was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. This man returned to Spain in 1541 where he died. | Hernan Cortes |
| He was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. | Thomas Jefferson |
| Major events during his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806). | Thomas Jefferson |
| He supported the separation of church and state and was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779, 1786). | Thomas Jefferson |
| He served as the wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781), first United States Secretary of State (1789–1793) and second Vice President (1797–1801). | Thomas Jefferson |
| This is a term coined by Julián Juderías in his 1914 book La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica (The Black Legend and Historical Truth), to describe the depiction of Spain and Spaniards as "cruel", "intolerant" and "fanatical" in anti-Spanish literature | The Black Legend |
| It is contrasted with Jacksonian democracy, which dominated the next political era. | Jeffersonian Democracy |
| She was Queen regnant of Castile and Leon. She and her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, laid the foundation for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. | Queen Isabella I |
| Pope Alexander VI named them "The Catholic Kings" (In Spanish, "Los Reyes Católicos"). | Ferdinand and Isabella |
| is the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance and one whose surname became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. He was born at Xativa, Valencia, Spain, and his father's surname was Lanzol (Castilian) or Llançol | Alexander VI |
| He as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. | Joseph Stalin |
| As one of several Central Committee Secretariats, his formal position was originally limited in scope, but through increasing control of the Party from 1928 onwards, he became the de facto party leader and dictator | Joseph Stalin |
| His crash programs of industrialization and collectivization in the 1930s and his campaigns of political repression cost the lives of millions of people. However, it helped to make the Soviet Union the second largest industrial nation by 1937. | Joseph Stalin |
| This more commonly known in Russia and post-Soviet republics as the Great Patriotic War. | World War II |
| A politician of the populares tradition, he formed an unofficial triumvirate with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus which dominated Roman politics for several years, opposed in the Roman Senate by optimates like Cato and Bibulus. | Julius Caesar |
| His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, and he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC; the collapse of the triumvirate, however, led to a stand-off with Pompey and the Senate. | Julius Caesar |
| Leading his legions across the Rubicon, he began a civil war in 49 BC from which he became the undisputed master of the Roman world. | Julius Caesar |
| Much of his life is known from his own Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero, the historical writings of Sallust, and the poetry of Catullus. | Julius Caesar |
| known as William the Conqueror, was Duke of Normandy from 1035 to 1087 and King of England from 1066. | William I of England |
| To claim the English crown, he invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans to victory over the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, and suppressed subsequent English revolts now known as the Norman Conquest. | William I of England |
| He was also, particularly before the conquest, known as William the Bastard. | William I of England |
| He is commonly referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis" and his work has been highly influential—popularizing such notions as the unconscious, the Oedipus complex, defense mechanisms, Freudian slips and dream symbolism | Sigmund Freud |
| ________ is famous as the first doctor to introduce and study the smallpox vaccine, although Benjamin Jesty, a farmer, earlier had vaccinated with cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox. It is believed that _______ discovered it independently. | Edward Jenner |
| He was a German physicist, who, on November 8, 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as x-rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
| works include the Brandenburg concertos; the Goldberg Variations; the English Suites, French Suites, Partitas, and Well-Tempered Clavier; the Mass in B Minor; the St Matthew Passion; the St. John Passion; The Musical Offering; The Art of Fugue | Johann Sebastian Bacfh |
| While Bach's fame as a(n) _________ was great during his lifetime, he was not particularly well-known as a composer. | organist |
| His adherence to Baroque forms and contrapuntal style was considered "old-fashioned" by his contemporaries, especially late in his career when the musical fashion tended towards Rococo and later Classical styles. | Johann Sebastian Bach |
| His name literally means "Old Master" and is generally considered an honorific. He is revered as a god in religious forms of Taoism. | Lao Tzu |
| He was credited with writing the central Taoist work the Daodejing (Tao Te Ching), which was originally known simply by his name. | Lao Tzu |
| These were philosophers and schools that had flourished from 770 to 221 BC, an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. | The Hundred Schools of Thought |
| covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, following the Spring and Autumn Period, | Warring States Period |
| Francois-Marie Arouet, better known by the pen name _____, was a French Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher known for his wit, philosophical sport, and defense of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and right to fair tria | Voltaire |
| He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. | Johannes Kepler |
| Before him, planets' paths were computed by combinations of the circular motions of the celestial orbs. After him, astronomers shifted their attention from orbs to orbits — paths that could be represented mathematically as an ellipse. | Johannes Kepler |
| During his career, he was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, Austria, an assistant to astronomer Tycho Brahe, the court mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II, a mathematics teacher in Linz, Austria, and an adviser to General Wallenstein. | Johannes Kepler |
| He described his new astronomy as "celestial physics",[4] as "an excursion into Aristotle's Metaphysics",[5] and as "a supplement to Aristotle's On the Heavens" | Johannes Kepler |
| He was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. | Enrico Fermi |
| He as awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938 for his work on induced radioactivity and is today regarded as one of the top scientists of the 20th century. | Enrico Fermi |
| He was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and graph theory. | Leonhard Euler |
| He introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. | Leonhard Euler |
| (June 28, 1712 – July 2, 1778) was a philosopher and composer of the Enlightenment whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution, the development of both liberal and socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| With his Confessions (named after Augustine's) and other writings, he practically invented modern autobiography and encouraged a new focus on the building of subjectivity that would bear fruit in the work of thinkers as diverse as Hegel and Freud. | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| His novel Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse was one of the best-selling fictional works of the eighteenth century and was important to the development of romanticism. He also made important contributions to music both as a theorist and a composer. | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| He is a figure of the Italian Renaissance and a central figure of its political component, most widely known for his treatises on realist political theory (The Prince) on the one hand and republicanism (Discourses on Livy) on the other. | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| After the ousting and execution of Savonarola, the Great Council elected this man as the second chancellor of the Republic of Florence in June of 1498. | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| The British demographer and political economist ______, (1766-1834) has become best-known for his influential views on population growth. He famously predicted that the population of the Earth would steeply rise after the industrial revolution. | Thomas Malthus |
| After his military service as commander of the USS PT-109 during World War II in the South Pacific, his aspirations turned political. | John F. Kennedy |
| He represented the state of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat, and in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1961. | John F. Kennedy |
| This man, with Chang and Rock, was an American biologist and researcher, and was co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill. | Gregory Pincus |
| He was a religious preacher and the founder of Manichaeism, an ancient Persian gnostic religion that was once prolific but is now extinct. | Mani |
| In his mid-twenties, he came to believe that salvation is possible through education, self-denial, vegetarianism, fasting and chastity. He later claimed to be the Paraclete promised in the New Testament, the Last Prophet or Seal of the Prophets | Mani |
| He was a Russian revolutionary, a communist politician, the main leader of the October Revolution, the first head of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and from 1922, the first de facto leader of the Soviet Union. | Vladimir Lenin |
| He was the founder and first emperor of China's Sui Dynasty. | Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) |
| When the erratic Emperor Xuan died in 580, this man, as his father-in-law, seized power as regent. After defeating the general Yuchi Jiong, who resisted him, he seized the throne for himself, establishing the new Sui Dynasty | Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian) |
| He remains the sole perpetually-monogamous emperor in Chinese history. | Hongzhi Emperor |
| He was the first leader of the Conservative party not to have become Prime Minister since Austen Chamberlain in the early 1920s. | William Hague |
| He was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. | Vasco da Gama |
| He was a Persian Ruler. He was the founder of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. | Cyrus the Great |
| He did not venture into Egypt, as he himself died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along the Syr Darya in August 530 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to conquer Egypt during his short rule. | Cyrus the Great |
| Beyond his nation, he left a lasting legacy on Jewish religion (through his Edict of Restoration), politics, and military strategy, as well as on both Eastern and Western civilization. | Cyrus the Great |
| He ruled the Russian Empire from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V. | Peter I the Great |
| He was a Chinese military and political leader, who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and was the leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 | Mao Zedong |
| He is held in high regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary and strategist who eventually defeated Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War, and transformed the country into a major power through his policies. | Mao Zedong |
| His works include his Essays, as well as the Colours of Good and Evil and the Meditationes Sacrae, all published in 1597. His famous aphorism, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations. | Francis Bacon |
| This philosopher delineated the inductive scientific method. | Francis Bacon |
| His works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method or simply, the scientific method. | Francis Bacon |
| as the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. | Henry Ford |
| This man, who had the idea of the Four Beginnings, was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself. | Mencius |
| He was an ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet. The hymns attributed to him, the Gathas, are at the liturgical core of Zoroastrianism. | Zoroaster |
| Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, The Faerie Queene or Good Queen Bess, she was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. | Queen Elizabeth I of England |
| The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed three years after her birth, and she was declared illegitimate. | Queen Elizabeth I of England |
| The __________ of Henry VIII's reign was passed by the Parliament of England in mid-1543, and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the line of the succession behind Prince Edward. | Third Succession Act |
| One of her mottos was video et taceo: "I see but say nothing" | Queen Elizabeth I of England |
| Though she was cautious in foreign affairs, the defeat of the Spanish armada in 1588 associated her name forever with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in British history. | Queen Elizabeth I of England |
| Her reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of adventurers such as Francis Drake and John Hawkes. | Queen Elizabeth I of England |
| This woman, the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism. In the process, she had almost three hundred religious dissenters burned on the stake, resulting in being called Bloody Mary. | Mary I of England |
| restored Church of England to power after Queen Mary | Queen Elizabeth I of England |
| He was the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1985 until its collapse in 1991. | Mikhail Gorbachev |
| He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. | Mikhail Gorbachev |
| the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev. | Glasnost |
| is the Russian term (now used in English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1985 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet economy. | Perestroika |
| He is the Egyptian pharaoh credited with founding the First dynasty, sometime around 3100-3000 BC. Menes was seen as a founding figure of Ancient Egypt, and was possibly a mythical founding king similar to Romulus and Remus. | Menes |
| Ancient Egyptian legend credits a pharaoh by this name with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. The earliest reference to him appears on the Palermo Stone, which is a now-fragmentary king's list. | Menes |
| He appears as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus. | Menes |
| is common name for a fragmentary ancient Egyptian stela comprised of black basalt that was engraved toward the end of the fifth dynasty during the twenty-fifth century B.C. It lists the ruling pharaohs of Lower Egypt. | The Palermo Stone |
| He is credited with the foundation of Memphis, which he established as the Egyptian capital. According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was (unusually enough) killed by a hippo. | Menes |
| He was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. | Charlemagne |
| During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800, in an attempted revival of the Roman Empire in the West. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance | Charlemagne |
| He experienced the worst defeat of his life at Roncesvalles (778). | Charlemagne |
| _____ is the name given to the purported author of the early Greek poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is now believed by classicists (especially after the studies by Milman Parry) that they were composed by illiterate aoidoi in an oral tradition. | Homer |
| there remains much argument between analysts and unitarians over whether the Iliad and the Odyssey were the product of one man by this name or of many. | Homer |
| He was Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death, and second member of the Justinian Dynasty, after his uncle Justin I | Justinian I |
| His reign is marked by the ambitious but ultimately failed renovatio imperii, "restoration of the empire". | Justinian I |
| A resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states. | Justinian I |
| his building program yielded masterpieces such as the church of Hagia Sophia, which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for many centuries. | Justinian I |
| He was a prominent Eastern Roman scholar of the family Procopius. He is commonly held to be the last major ancient historian. | Procopius of Caesarea |
| This is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamana (Sanskrit: वर्धमान "increasing") who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism. | Mahavira |
| According to Jain tradition, he was the 24th and the last Tirthankara. | Mahavira |
| He was an Italian Catholic priest in the Dominican Order, a philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition, known as Doctor Angelicus, Doctor Universalis and Doctor Communis. | Thomas Aquinas |
| He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy and theology. | Thomas Aquinas |
| He is held in the Catholic Church to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood (Code of Canon Law, Can. 252, §3). | Thomas Aquinas |
| The works for which he is best-known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles. One of the 33 Doctors of the Church, he is considered by many Catholics to be the Catholic Church's greatest theologian and philosopher. | Thomas Aquinas |
| Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics and the explanation of the principle of the lever. His early use of calculus included the first known summation of an infinite series with a method that is still used today. | Archimedes |
| He is also credited with designing innovative machines, including weapons and the screw pump that bears his name. He is best known for allegedly exclaiming "Eureka!" after discovering what is known today as his principle. | Archimedes |
| died during the Siege of Syracuse, when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed. At his request his tombstone was carved with a sphere contained within a cylinder and inscribed with the ratio of the cylinder's volume t | Archimedes |
| Carl Friedrich Gauss is said to have remarked that Archimedes was one of the three epoch-making mathematicians, with the others being Sir Isaac Newton and __________ | Ferdinand Eisenstein |
| He was an English mathematician, philosopher, and mechanical engineer who originated the idea of a programmable computer. | Charles Babbage |
| In 1991 a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from ______'s original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that his machine would have worked. | Charles Babbage |
| In 2000, the Science Museum completed the printer _______ had designed for the difference engine, an astonishingly complex device for the 19th century. | Charles Babbage |
| He was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He reigned from around 2589 to 2566 B.C.E. He was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. | Khufu |
| He is generally accepted as being the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing. | Khufu |
| She was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, the first twice-honored Nobel laureate (and still the only one in two different sciences) and the first female professor at the University of Paris. | Marie Curie |
| Jointly with her husband, she was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of artificial radioactivity. | Irene Joliot-Curie |
| He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and a musical instrument. He formed both the first public lending library and fire department in America. | Benjamin Franklin |
| as a diplomat during the American Revolution, he secured the French alliance that helped to make independence possible. | Benjamin Franklin |
| He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and Franklin & Marshall College and was elected the first president of the American Philosophical Society. | Benjamin Franklin |
| He was the pioneer of Satyagraha—resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total non-violence—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. | Mohandas Gandhi |
| In India, he is officially accorded the honour of Father of the Nation and October 2, his birthday, is commemorated each year as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday. | Mohandas Gandhi |
| he independence of India from foreign domination | Swaraj |
| He famously led Indians in the disobedience of the salt tax on the 400 kilometre (248 miles) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and in an open call for the British to Quit India in 1942. | Mohandas Gandhi |
| Making his own clothes—the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl woven with a charkha—he lived on a simple vegetarian diet. He used rigorous fasts, for long periods, for both self-purification and protest. | Mohandas Gandhi |
| He won the Republican Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. During his term, he helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. | Abraham Lincoln |
| He was a Portuguese maritime explorer who while in the service of the Spanish crown, tried to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. This was the first known successful attempt to circumnavigate the Earth. | Ferdinand Magellan |
| He did not complete his final westward voyage; he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. | Ferdinand Magellan |
| Of the crew members who set out with Magellan to circumnavigate the earth, only 18 completed the circumnavigation of the globe and managed to return to Spain. They were led by Spaniard Juan Sebastián Elcano, who took over command from Magellan. | Ferdinand Magellan |
| Who named the Pacific Ocean? | Ferdinand Magellan |
| Born at Vinci in the region of Florence, the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant girl, Caterina, he was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan where several of his major works were created. He also worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, spending his final years in France at the home given him by King François I. | Leonardo da Vinci |
| As an engineer, he conceived ideas vastly ahead of his own time, conceptualising a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, and the double hull, and outlining a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Some of his smaller inventions such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. | Leonardo da Vinci |
| He is a figure in the Torah, Bible, and Quran whom Jewish, Christian and Muslim believers regard as the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishamelites and Edomite peoples. | Abraham |
| He was the third son of Terah and the grandson of Nahor. Abraham's older brothers were named Nahor and Haran. | Abraham |
| This man, known only for the genre of fables ascribed to him, was by tradition a slave (δούλος) who was a contemporary of Croesus and Peisistratus in the mid-sixth century BC in ancient Greece. | Aesop |
| This man was thought to have spent his time turning Aesop’s fables into verse while he was in prison. | Socrates |
| This man was a pioneer in computing, being the primary engineer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer. | Howard Aiken |
| This woman, who died 14 years, 5 months and 5 days before passage of the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote, was honored as the first real (non-allegorical) American woman on circulating U.S. coinage. | Susan B. Anthony |
| He was the first person to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe (hence he is sometimes known as the "Greek Copernicus"). | Aristarchus of Samos |
| His astronomical ideas were rejected in favor of the geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy until they were successfully revived by Copernicus and extensively developed and built upon by Kepler and Isaac Newton nearly 2000 years later. | Aristarchus of Samos |
| He is the first person to have set foot on the Moon. His first spaceflight was aboard Gemini 8 in 1966, for which he was the command pilot. On this mission, he performed the first manned docking of two spacecraft together with pilot David Scott. | Neil Armstrong |
| His essay Offences Against One's Self, argued for the liberalisation of laws prohibiting homosexuality.[8] The essay remained unpublished during his lifetime for fear of offending public morality | Jeremy Bentham |
| As Minister-President of Prussia from 1862–90, he saw the unification of Germany. From 1867 on, he was Chancellor of the North German Confederation. When the second German Empire was declared in 1871, he served as its first Chancellor, (Iron Chancellor) | Otto von Bismarck |
| Bismarck held conservative monarchical views in the tradition of _________, the Austrian statesman who devised the diplomatic arrangements which governed Europe after the Napoleonic Wars | Clemens von Metterich |
| His attempts to eliminate the political and cultural strength of the Roman Catholic Church within Germany — the so-called Kulturkampf — was only partially successful and soon reversed | Otto von Bismarck |
| From 1862–88 Otto von Bismarck served at the pleasure of King (later Emperor) ________, with whom he shared a similar outlook and enjoyed a cordial relationship. | William I |
| Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. | Robert Boyle |
| For a fixed amount of gas kept at a fixed temperature, P and V are inversely proportional (while one increases, the other decreases). | Robert Boyle |
| was a French physicist and a Nobel laureate. He also served as Perpetual Secretary of the Académie des sciences, France. | Louis de Broglie |
| His hypothesis states that ny moving particle or object has an associated wave. | Louis de Broglie |
| He was a French physicist and military engineer who, in his 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines. | Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot |
| He gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, thereby laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics. | Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot |
| Technically, he is the world's first thermodynamicist, being responsible for such concepts as Carnot efficiency, Carnot theorem, Carnot heat engine, and others. | Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot |
| He was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 until his abdication in 1556 and also ruler of the Spanish realms from 1516 until 1556. | Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor |
| As the first monarch to reign in his own right over both the Kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (from 1555) he is often considered as the first King of Spain, with the name of Charles I. | Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor |
| A Song Dynasty (960-1279) Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. | Chu Hsi |
| His contribution to Chinese philosophy included his grouping of the Four Books, his emphasis on the investigation of things (gewu), and the synthesis of all fundamental Confucian concepts. | Chu Hsi |
| After the outbreak of the Second World War, he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. Following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain on 10 May 1940, he became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and led Britain to victory against the Axis. | Winston Churchill |
| He was a Prussian soldier, military historian and influential military theorist. He is most famous for his military treatise Vom Kriege, translated into English as On War. | Carl von Clausewitz |
| By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he put the theory of heat on a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. | Rudolf Clausius |
| In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. | Rudolf Clausius |
| He was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist, born in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg), in what is now Germany. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. | Gottlieb Daimler |
| He and his lifelong business partner Wilhelm Maybach were two inventors whose dream was to create small, high speed engines to be mounted in any kind of locomotion device. | Gottlieb Daimler |
| They patented in 1885 a precursor of the modern petrol engine which they subsequently fitted to a two-wheeler, considered the first motorcycle. | Daimler and Maybach |
| They are renowned as the inventors of this Grandfather Clock engine. | Daimler and Maybach |
| In Italian he is known as "the Supreme Poet" (il Sommo Poeta). | Dante Alighieri |
| This man, Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as "the three fountains" or "the three crowns". He is also called the "the Father of the Italian language". | Dante Alighieri |
| The first biography written on him was by his contemporary Giovanni Villani (1276–1348). | Dante Alighieri |
| This man, "Upholder of good", was the son of Hystaspes, and king of Persia from 522 BC to 485 BC. | Darius the Great |
| His reign was marked by revolt; twice Babylonia revolted, three times Susiana, and Ionian revolt precipitated several ill-fated Persian expeditions against Greece, including a defeat at Marathon. | Darius the Great |
| He subjugated the nations of the Pontic and Armenian mountains, and extended Persian dominion to the Caucasus; for the same reasons he fought against the Saka and other Iranian steppe tribes, as well as the Turanians from beyond the Oxus. | Darius the Great |
| He made military reforms such as introducing conscription, pay for soldiers, military training and he also made changes in the army and navy. | Darius the Great |
| was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. | King David |
| He is depicted as a righteous king—although not without fault—as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet (he is traditionally credited with the authorship of many of the Psalms). | King David |
| His life and reign, as recorded in the Hebrew Bible's books of Samuel (from I Samuel 16 onwards) and Chronicles, have been of central importance to Jewish and Christian culture. | King David |
| He was a student of Leucippus and co-originator of the belief that all matter is made up of various imperishable, indivisible elements which he called atoma (sg. atomon) or "indivisible units" | Democritus |
| She founded the Church of Christ, Scientist in 1879 and was the author of its fundamental doctrinal textbook, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. | Mary Baker Eddy |
| He is known as "the father of cryonics" due to the impact of his 1962 book The Prospect of Immortality. He is considered by some a pioneer transhumanist on the basis of his 1972 book Man into Superman. | Robert Ettinger |
| He founded the Cryonics Institute and the related Immortalist Society and until 2003 served as their President. His first and second wives have both been cryopreserved as well as his mother. | Robert Ettinger |
| He was an English Dissenter who is commonly considered the founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers. | George Fox |
| He was the brother of Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, mother of King Gustav III of Sweden. | Frederick the Great |
| Upon ascending to the Prussian throne, he attacked Austria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars, winning military acclaim for himself and Prussia. | Frederick the Great |
| Near the end of his life, he united most of his disconnected realm through the First Partition of Poland. | Frederick the Great |
| He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism. For years he was a correspondent of Voltaire, with whom the king had a turbulent friendship. | Frederick the Great |
| He is buried at his favorite residence, Sanssouci in Potsdam. | Frederick the Great |
| Because he died childless, he was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick William II of Prussia, son of his brother, Prince Augustus William of Prussia. | Frederick the Great |
| She was an American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book The Feminine Mystique. | Betty Friedan |
| The translation of 129 works of this man into Arabic by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his assistants, and in particular his insistence on a rational systematic approach to medicine, set the template for Islamic medicine. | Galen |
| His mphasis on blood-letting as a remedy for almost any ailment remained influential until right into the Nineteenth Century. | Galen |
| He was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. | Vesalius |
| Theories of this man, born in 129 AD, dominated Western medical science for over a millennium. | Galen |
| Sometimes known as Mathematicorum Principi (the prince of mathematicians) and "greatest mathematician since antiquity", he had a remarkable influence in many fields of math and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians. | Carl Friedrich Gauss |
| He completed Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his magnum opus, in 1798 at the age of 21, though it would not be published until 1801. This work was fundamental in consolidating number theory as a discipline and has shaped the field to the present day. | Carl Friedrich Gauss |
| He was the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. | Hammurabi |
| He is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. These laws were written on a stone tablet standing over six feet tall that was found in 1901. | Hammurabi |
| He was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. | Emperor Wu of Han |
| He ordered the first census in recorded history of China to take place in his reign. | Emperor Wu of Han |
| While establishing an autocratic and centralized state, he adopted the principles of Confucianism as the state philosophy and code of ethics for his empire and started a school to teach future administrators the Confucian classics. | Emperor Wu of Han |
| His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese Emperor in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged seven, he did not exercise much, if any, control over the empire until later | The Kangxi Emperor |
| His influential conceptions are of speculative logic or "dialectic," "absolute idealism," "Spirit," the "Master/Slave" dialectic, "ethical life," and the importance of history. | G.W.F. Hegel |
| He was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. | King Henry VIII |
| He wielded perhaps the most formidable power of any English monarch and brought about the English Reformation (including the creation of the Church of England as well as the Dissolution of the Monasteries) and the legal union of England and Wales. | King Henry VIII |
| his best known piece of music is Pastime with Good Company ("The Kynges Ballade"). | King Henry VIII |
| She was Henry VIII's first wife | Catherine of Aragon |
| She was Henry VIII's second wife. | Anne Boleyn |
| She was Henry VIII's third wife. | Jane Seymour |
| She was Henry VIII's fourth wife | Anne of Cleves |
| She was Henry VIII's fifth wife | Catherine Howard |
| She was Henry VIII's sixth and final wife | Catherine Parr |
| He founded Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford in 1546. | King Henry VIII |
| He was an infante (prince) of the Portuguese House of Aviz and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations. | Henry the Navigator |
| He became aware of the profit possibilities in the Saharan trade routes that terminated there and became fascinated with Africa in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of Prester John and the expansion of Portuguese trade. | Henry the Navigator |
| He was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist who founded modern political Zionism. | Theodor Herzl |
| He is referred to as the "father of medicine" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. | Hippocrates |
| He was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy. | Thomas Hobbes |
| Notable ideas: "Solitary, poor, nasty brutish and short" | Thomas Hobbes |
| Notable ideas: The Golden mean, Reason, Logic, Biology, Passion | Aristotle |
| Notable ideas: Atomism, Distant Star Theory | Democritus |
| Notable ideas: greatest happiness principle | Jeremy Bentham |
| Notable ideas: Hydrostatics, Levers, Infinitesimals | Archimedes |
| Notable ideas: Water is the physis, Thales' theorem | Thales |
| Notable ideas: The apeiron is the first principle | Anaximander |
| Notable Ideas: Musica universalis, Golden ratio, Pythagorean tuning, Pythagorean theorem | Pythagoras |
| Notable ideas: Logos, flow, change | Heraclitus |
| Notable ideas: Being is, Eternal return, Determinism, Ultimate reality, Monotheism | Parmenides |
| Notable ideas: All matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire. | Empedocles |
| Notable ideas: The Antilogies | Protagoras |
| This was the title given by Greek tradition to seven wise Greek men who were philosophers, statesmen and law-givers. | The Seven Sages of Greece |
| Notable Ideas: The Culture Industry, the Authoritarian Personality, the negative dialectic, non-conformist conformist | Theodor Adorno |
| Notable ideas: The death of the author | Roland Barthes |
| Notable ideas: "The absurd is the essential concept and the first truth" "Always go too far, because that's where you'll find the truth." "I rebel; therefore we exist." | Albert Camus |
| Notable ideas: ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism | Simone de Beauvoir |
| Notable ideas: Deconstruction, Difference, Phallogocentrism | Jacques Derrida |
| Notable ideas: "Power" · "Archaeology" | Michel Foucault |
| Notable Ideas: The Mirror Stage, The Real, The Symbolic, The Imaginary | Jacques Lacan |
| Notable ideas: "Existence precedes essence" "bad faith" "nothingness" | Jean-Paul Sartre |
| He was a Scottish geologist, naturalist, chemist and experimental farmer. He is considered the father of modern geology. | James Hutton |
| His theories of geology and geologic time, also called deep time, came to be included in theories which were called plutonism and uniformitarianism. | James Hutton |
| Notable Idea: For a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its use in the language | Ludwig Wittgenstein |
| Notable idea: the idea of a logically private language is incoherent | Ludwig Wittgenstein |
| Notable idea: Philosophical problems arise due to misuse of language | Ludwig Wittgenstein |
| He is especially noted for attempting to compel the Egyptian population in the monotheistic worship of Aten, although there are doubts as to how successful he was at this. He was born to Amenhotep III and his Chief Queen Tiye | Akhenaten |
| He was born Amhenhotep IV | Akhenaten |
| His chief wife was Nefertiti, made world-famous by the discovery of her exquisitely moulded and painted bust, now displayed in the Altes Museum of Berlin, and among the most recognised works of art surviving from the ancient world. | Akhenaten |
| His name means "Salvation." He is the main figure in the Biblical Book of Isaiah, and is commonly considered to be its author. | Isaiah |
| The 66 chapters of ______ consist primarily of prophecies of Babylon, Assyria, Philistia, Moab, Syria, Israel (the northern kingdom), Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, and Phoenicia. | Book of Isaiah |
| Chapters 35-39 provide historical material about King Hezekiah and his triumph of faith in God. | The Book of Isaiah |
| Chapters 24-34, while too complex to characterize easily, are primarily concerned with prophecies of a "Messiah," a person anointed or given power by God | Book of Isaiah |
| The prophecy continues with what some have called “The Book of Comfort” which begins in chapter 40 and completes the writing. In the first eight chapters of this book of comfort, Isaiah prophesies the deliverance of the Jews from the hands of the Babyloni | Book of Isaiah |
| In chapter 45:1, the Persian ruler Cyrus is named as the person of power who will overthrow the Babylonians and allow the return of Israel to their original land. | Book of Isaiah |
| The remaining chapters of the book contain prophecies of the future glory of Zion under the rule of a righteous servant (52 & 54). | Book of Isaiah |
| These are four poems taken from the Book of Isaiah written about a certain "servant of Yahweh". | Songs of the Suffering Servant |
| She was a 15th century saint and national heroine of France. She was tried and executed by the English for witchcraft when she was only 19 years old | Joan of Arc |
| She asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. | Joan of Arc |
| The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege at Orléans as part of a relief mission. | Joan of Arc |
| He was a straw hat maker before becoming a French silk weaver and inventor, who improved on the original punched card design of Jacques de Vaucanson's loom of 1745. | Joseph Marie Jacquard |
| He was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. | Immanuel Kant |
| Notable Ideas: Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis | Immanuel Kant |
| He was a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. | John Maynard Keynes |
| His magnum opus was The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money | John Maynard Keynes |
| He is an American molecular biologist born of Punjabi heritage in British India. He was awarded the Nobel prize (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code. | Har Gobind Khorana |
| First to demonstrate the role of Nucleotides in protein synthesis | Har Gobind Khorana |
| "No rest for the wicked" is a phrase originating from | The Book of Isaiah |
| He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956) and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957), serving as its first president. | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| In 1964, he became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| He was an American biologist and professor of entomology and zoology who in 1947 founded the Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University. | Alfred Kinsey |
| He was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. | Immanuel Kant |
| Notable Ideas: Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis | Immanuel Kant |
| He was a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. | John Maynard Keynes |
| His magnum opus was The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money | John Maynard Keynes |
| He is an American molecular biologist born of Punjabi heritage in British India. He was awarded the Nobel prize (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code. | Har Gobind Khorana |
| First to demonstrate the role of Nucleotides in protein synthesis | Har Gobind Khorana |
| "No rest for the wicked" is a phrase originating from | The Book of Isaiah |
| He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956) and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957), serving as its first president. | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| In 1964, he became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| He was an American biologist and professor of entomology and zoology who in 1947 founded the Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University. | Alfred Kinsey |
| He was the fifth and last Khagan (1260–1294) of the Mongol Empire. In 1271, he founded the Yuan Dynasty, and became the first Yuan emperor. | Kublai Khan |
| He was the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan. The civil war between him and his younger brother Ariq Böke over the succession of their older brother Möngke (died in 1259) marked the end of a unifed Mongol Empire. | Kublai Khan |
| He discovered calculus independently of Newton, and his notation is the one in general use since. He also discovered the binary system, foundation of virtually all modern computer architectures. | Gottfried Leibniz |
| In philosophy, he is remembered for optimism, i.e., his conclusion that our universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one God could have made. He was, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, one of three great 17th century rationalists | Gottfried Leibniz |
| Notable ideas: Infinitesimal calculus, Calculus, Monad, Theodicy, Optimism | Gottfried Leibniz |
| method of learning taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100–1500. Scholasticism originally began to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology | Scholasticism |
| His experimentation with electricity led him to develop the first internal combustion engine, a single-cylinder two-stroke engine | Etienne Lenoir |
| Known for: Lenoir Cycle, internal combustion engine | Etienne Lenoir |
| is an idealised thermodynamic cycle often utilized to model a pulse jet engine. It is based on the operation of an engine patented by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir in 1860. | Lenoir Cycle |
| He was the first emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, ruling over China from 202 BC until 195 BC, and one of only a few dynasty founders who emerged from the peasant class | Emperor Gaozu of Han |
| He acceded to the throne on May 14, 1643, a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his First Minister ("premier ministre"), the Italian Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. | Louis XIV |
| Only _____ of Swaziland had a longer precisely documented reign (1899-1982) than Louis XIV among MODERN monarchs. | Sobhuza II |
| following the victory of the Franco-Dutch War and the Treaty of Nijmegen, decreed that all public inscriptions and statues of this King should call him The Great | Louis XIV |
| He fought three major wars—the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession—and two minor conflicts—the War of Devolution, and the War of the Reunions. | Louis XIV |
| He was an American politician and the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. | James Madison |
| Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. | James Madison |
| As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". | James Madison |
| As leader in the House of Reps, he worked with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791, he and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican party | James Madison |
| He and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the republican party (later called the Democratic-Republican Party)[4] in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. | James Madison |
| . He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Laws. | James Madison |
| As Jefferson's Secretary of State (1801-1809), he supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807. | James Madison |
| s president, he led the nation into the War of 1812 against Great Britain in order to protect the United States' economic rights. That conflict began poorly as Americans suffered defeat after defeat by smaller forces, but ended on a high note in 1815. | James Madison |
| Stories of her life are further elaborated in later Christian apocryphal and Islamic traditions, their best known detail being the alleged names of her parents: Joachim and Anne. | The Virgin Mary |
| At the time of his birth in 1852, Japan was an isolated, pre-industrial, feudal country dominated by the Tokugawa Shogunate and the daimyo, who ruled over the country's more than 250 decentralized domains. | Emperor Meiji |
| By the time of his death in 1912, Japan had undergone a political, social, and industrial revolution at home (See Meiji Restoration) and emerged as one of the great powers on the world stage. | Emperor Meiji |
| was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the medieval Byzantine Empire. | Mehmed II |
| At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the medieval Byzantine Empire. From this point onward, he claimed the title of Caesar in addition to his other titles. | Mehmed II |
| He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. | Montesquieu |
| He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire. | Montesquieu |
| Notable ideas: Separation of state powers: legislative; executive; judicial, Classification of systems of government based on their principles | Montesquieu |
| was an Italian physician, educator, philosopher, humanitarian and devout Catholic; she is best known for her philosophy and the Montessori method of education of children from birth to adolescence. | Maria Montessori |
| He was an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code. | Samuel Morse |
| His most famous pupil was probably Johann Nepomuk Hummel, a transitional figure between Classical and Romantic eras whom the family took into their Vienna home for two years as a child during his studies. | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
| He was a companion of Muhammad and later the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. He engaged in a civil war against the fourth and final Rightly Guided Caliph, Ali | Muawiyah I |
| He assumed the caliphate after Ali's assassination in 661 and reigned until 680. | Muawiyah I |
| Because he opposed Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor, he has been hated and reviled by generations of Shi'a. | Muawiyah I |
| At Princeton in 1969, this man posed the question to his students: "Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization?" | Gerard O'Neill |
| During his time at Princeton, he researched and proposed the idea of the O'Neill Cylinder. | Gerard O'Neill |
| He authored the book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space which inspired a generation of space exploration advocates. His 1981 book 2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future was a serious exercise in Futurology or Futures studies. | Gerard O'Neill |
| Space colonies and energy from solar power satellites were two of five "drivers of change" he expected to shape the coming century. | Gerard O'Neill |
| He made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators, the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. He also wrote in defense of the scientific method | Blaise Pascal |
| Notable idea: Pascal's Wager | Blaise Pascal |
| He wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. | Blaise Pascal |
| After a mystical experience in late 1654, he abandoned his scientific work and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées. | Blaise Pascal |
| He was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. | Ivan Pavlov |
| He is widely known for first describing the phenomena of how he was able to train his many rats to drool on command. | Ivan Pavlov |
| In psychology, this is an organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, mostly discussed by Pavlov. | Transmarginal inhibition |
| He was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione ("The Million). | Marco Polo |
| He together with his father Niccolò and his uncle Maffeo, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay, after the Khitan) and visit the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan). | Marco Polo |
| He was a Greek[1] or Egyptian[2] mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer who lived in Roman Egypt. He was probably born in Thebaid at a town called Ptolemais of Hermias and died in Alexandria. | Ptolemy |
| was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which would be of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise is now known as the Almagest, the second Geography, the third Tetrabiblos. | Ptolemy |
| Herodotus referred to him as "the most able philosopher among the Greeks". | Pythagoras |
| We do know that he and his students believed that everything was related to mathematics and that numbers were the ultimate reality and, through mathematics, everything could be predicted and measured in rhythmic patterns or cycles. | Pythagoras |
| According to Iamblichus, he once said that "number is the ruler of forms and ideas and the cause of gods and demons." | Pythagoras |
| He was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and his ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato. | Pythagoras |
| Rembrandt's contributions to art came in a period that historians call the __________ | Dutch Golden Age |
| Painter of Danae | Rembrandt |
| Painter of Jacob de Gheyn III | Rembrandt |
| Painter of Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp | Rembrandt |
| Painter of Belshazzar's Feast | Rembrandt |
| Painter of Night Watch | Rembrandt |
| He was the thirty-second President of the United States. | Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
| During the Great Depression of the 1930s, he created the New Deal to provide relief for the unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the economic and banking systems. | Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
| Many programs initiated in his administration continue to have instrumental roles in the nation's commerce, such as the FDIC, TVA, and the SEC. One of his most important legacies is the Social Security system. | Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
| He won four presidential elections in a row, causing a realignment that political scientists call the Fifth Party System. | Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
| During the war, this man, working closely with his aide Harry Hopkins | Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
| His works in Sanskrit, all of which are extant today, concern themselves with establishing the doctrine of Advaita (Sanskrit: "Non-dualism"). | Adi Shankara |
| He was the first philosopher to consolidate the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta. | Adi Shankara |
| He was an Akkadian king famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC. | Sargon of Akkad |
| The founder of the Dynasty of Akkad, he reigned for 56 years, c. 2333 – 2279 BC | Sargon of Akkad |
| He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia. | Sargon of Akkad |
| He was an Austrian - Irish physicist who achieved fame for his contributions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1933. | Erwin Schrodinger |
| In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. | Erwin Schrodinger |
| Along with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, he co-invented the transistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. | William Shockley |
| His attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s led to California's "Silicon Valley" becoming a hotbed of electronics innovation. In his later life, he became a staunch advocate of eugenics. | William Shockley |
| His followers declared him to be the first and true latter-day prophet, whose mission was to restore the original Christian church, said to have been lost soon after the death of the Apostles which caused an apostasy. | Joseph Smith |
| was an American religious figure who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, also known as Mormonism. | Joseph Smith |
| The second largest group following Joseph Smith's teachings is _______________ | The Community of Christ |
| He is best known for the creation of Socratic irony and the Socratic Method, or elenchus. | Socrates |
| He was the second of the three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived to the present day. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than those of Euripides. | Sophocles |
| Author of Ajax, Antigone, Trachinian Women, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. | Sophocles |
| He was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the "father of modern China". He played an instrumental role in the eventual collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. | Sun Yat-sen |
| He was the first provisional president when the Republic of China (ROC) was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT) where he served as its first leader. | Sun Yat-sen |
| His chief legacy resides in his developing a political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People (nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood/welfare). | Sun Yat-sen |
| He was the inventor of the negative/positive photographic process, the precursor to most photographic processes of the 19th and 20th centuries. | William Fox Talbot |
| He was a 14th century Turco-Mongol[3] conqueror of much of western and Central Asia, and founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal dynasty of India. | Tamerlane |
| His heaviest blow was against the Mongol Golden Horde, which never recovered from his campaign against Tokhtamysh. | Tamerlane |
| He died during a campaign against the Ming Dynasty, yet records indicate that for part of his life he was a surreptitious Ming vassal, and even his son Shah Rukh visited China in 1420. | Tamerlane |
| In the city of Isfahan, he ordered the building of a pyramid of 70,000 human skulls, from those that his army had beheaded,[24][25] and a pyramid of some 20,000 skulls was erected outside of Aleppo. | Tamerlane |
| He herded thousands of citizens of Damascus into the Cathedral Mosque before setting it aflame,[27] and had 70,000 people beheaded in Tikrit, and 90,000 more in Baghdad. | Tamerlane |
| He was a Hungarian-born American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title. | Edward Teller |
| After his controversial testimony in the security clearance hearing of his former Los Alamos colleague Robert Oppenheimer, he became ostracized from much of the scientific community. | Edward Teller |
| He was a co-founder (with Ernest Lawrence) of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and was both its director and associate director for many years. | Edward Teller |
| In his later years he became especially known for his advocacy of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including a plan to excavate an artificial harbor in Alaska using thermonuclear explosives. | Edward Teller |
| He was an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, and philosopher who is best known for Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience | Henry David Thoreau |
| As a fiction writer, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists, particularly noted for his masterpieces War and Peace and Anna Karenina. | Leo Tolstoy |
| He is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. He is known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices. | Charles Hard Townes |
| He was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953). | Harry S. Truman |
| As vice president, he succeeded to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. | Harry S. Truman |
| During World War I he served as an artillery officer. After the war he became part of the political machine of Tom Pendergast and was elected a county judge in Missouri and eventually a United States Senator. | Harry S. Truman |
| In 1944, Roosevelt replaced Henry A. Wallace as vice president with this man, for Roosevelt's fourth term. | Harry S. Truman |
| The Taft-Hartley act was passed over his veto. | Harry S. Truman |
| He confounded all predictions to win re-election in 1948, largely due to his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America | Harry S. Truman |
| After his re-election he was able to pass only one of the proposals in his Fair Deal program. | Harry S. Truman |
| He used executive orders to begin desegregation of the U.S. armed forces and to launch a system of loyalty checks to remove thousands of communist sympathizers from government office | Harry S. Truman |
| He popularized such phrases as "The buck stops here" and "If you can't stand the heat, you better get out of the kitchen." | Harry S. Truman |
| The Marshall Plan (from its enactment, officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after this war. | World War II |
| His research into organic substances—largely into organisms that live in soil—and their decomposition lead to the discovery of Streptomycin, and several other antibiotics. | Selman Waksman |
| He coined the word "antibiotics" | Selman Waksman |
| In 1952 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition for his discovery of "streptomycin" the first antibiotic active against tuberculosis. | Selman Waksman |
| is an American molecular biologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins | James D. Watson |
| She was an eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and feminist. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| After two ill-fated affairs, with Henry Fuseli and Gilbert Imlay, she married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement | Gilbert Imlay |
| He was an American architect, interior designer, writer, educator, and philosopher from Oak Park, Illinois, who designed more than 1,000 projects, of which more than 500 resulted in completed works. | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| He was noted for promoting organic architecture (typified by Fallingwater), originating the Prairie School of architecture (typified by the Robie House), and developing the concept of the Usonian home (typified by the Rosenbaum House). | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| Larkin Administration Building), churches (such as Unity Temple), schools (such as Taliesin West), hotels (such as the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, and museums (such as the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum) | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| His colorful personal life frequently made headlines, most notably for the failure of his first two marriages and for the 1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin studio. | Frank Lloyd Wright |
| He was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. He invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes. | Vladimir Zworykin |
| He invented the kinescope. | Vladimir Zworykin |
| In 1968, he returned to live music in a television special and thereafter performed across the U.S., notably in Las Vegas. | Elvis Presley |
| He was an Israeli politician and general. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel with two periods in office, from 1974 until 1977 and from 1992 until his assassination in 1995. | Yitzhak Rabin |
| He was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a right-wing Israeli radical who opposed his signing of the Oslo Accords. He was the first native-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only P.M. to be assassinated and the 2nd to die in office after Levi Eshkol. | Yitzhak Rabin |
| After the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, he declared himself Führer, combining the offices of President and Chancellor into one using the power vested in him by the Enabling Act | Adolf Hitler |
| He has preached in person to more people around the world than anyone who has ever lived. | Billy Graham |
| He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass-energy equivalence, E = mc2. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of photoelectric effect | Albert Einstein |
| His many contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which extended the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion, | Albert Einstein |
| He reigned as the 264th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. | John Paul II |
| the second-longest pontificate in modern times after Pius IX's 31-year reign | John Paul II |
| was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Adrian VI in the 1520s. | John Paul II |
| A term coined by John Paul II. It is used in contemporary political discourse in many countries, including the United States and Poland, to describe supportive positions on certain subjects, such as abortion, euthanasia | "Culture of death" |
| He has been the fifteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints since March 12, 1995. | Gordon B. Hinckley |
| He is the oldest person to preside over the LDS Church in its history. | Gordon B. Hinckley |
| His presidency has been noted for the building of new temples and the creation of the Perpetual Education Fund. Hinckley holds the record for dedicating the most LDS Temples and has dedicated more than half of the current LDS Temples. | Gordon B. Hinckley |
| 40th President of the United States | Ronald Reagan |
| 33rd Governor of California | Ronald Reagan |
| After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. | Ronald Reagan |
| He was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession | Hirohito |
| This word is the name of the era that corresponded with the Emperor Hirohito's reign, and was made the Emperor's own name upon his death, the name by which he is now exclusively referred to in Japan | Showa |
| He as a Vietnamese revolutionary, who later became Prime Minister (1946–1955) and President (1946–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). | Ho Chi Minh |
| He is most famous for leading the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. | Ho Chi Minh |
| Real name of Pol Pot | Saloth Sar |
| He He was the Prime Minister of Cambodia (officially renamed Democratic Kampuchea under his rule) from 1976 to 1979, having been de facto leader since mid-1975. | Pol Pot |
| During his time in power he imposed a version of agrarian collectivization whereby city dwellers were relocated to the countryside to work in collective farms and forced labour projects, conceived as a restarting of civilization in "Year Zero". | Pol Pot |
| In 1979, he fled into the jungles of northwest Cambodia after an invasion by neighbouring Vietnam | Pol Pot |
| is a Japanese fashion designer. He is known for his technology-driven clothing designs and exhibitions. new technique called garment pleating and in 1993's "Pleats Please" | Issey Miyake |
| He invented the karaoke machine in 1971 but never attempted to patent it. | Inoue Daisuke |
| This man, also known by the sobriquet Gurudev,δ[›] was a Bengali poet, Brahmo Samaj philosopher, visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshaped Bengali literature and music | Rabindranath Tagore |
| He became Asia's first Nobel laureate when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. | Rabindranath Tagore |
| At the age of sixteen, he published his first substantial poetry under the pseudonym Bhanushingho ("Sun Lion") and wrote his first short stories and dramas in 1877. | Rabindranath Tagore |
| He found Visva-Bharati University. | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced), and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are among his best-known works. | Rabindranath Tagore |
| Two songs from his rabindrasangeet canon are now the national anthems of Bangladesh and India: the Amar Shonar Bangla and the Jana Gana Mana. | Rabindranath Tagore |
| He was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country win its independence from the Netherlands and was President from 1945 to 1967, presiding with mixed success over the country's turbulent transition to independence. | Sukarno |
| He was forced down from power by one of his generals, Suharto, who formally became President in March 1967. | Sukarno |
| He was an Indonesian military and political leader. He served as a military officer in the Indonesian National Revolution, but is better known as the long-reigning second President of Indonesia, holding the office from 1967 to 1998. | Suharto |
| Over the three decades of his "Orde Baru" (New Order) regime, he constructed a strong central government along militarist lines. | Suharto |
| His invasion of East Timor in 1975 was notorious for its brutality with a reported 200,000 dead during the length of Indonesia's occupation. | Suharto |
| In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto. | Suharto |
| This man, also known as Gus Dur, was the President of Indonesia from 1999 to 2001, and founder of the National Awakening Party (PKB). | Abdurrahman Wahid |
| She was President of Indonesia from July 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the country's first female President, and the first Indonesian leader born after independence. | Megawati Sukarnoputri |
| He is an Indonesian retired military general and the sixth and current President of Indonesia. | Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono |
| He was a Chinese Communist leader. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China from April 27, 1959 to October 31, 1968. | Liu Shaoqi |
| She was one of the Soong sisters—three sisters whose husbands were amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century. Her Christian name was Rosamond. | Madame Sun Yat-sen |
| He was the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003. | Jiang Zemin |
| He never held office as the head of state or the head of government, but served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s. He pioneered "Socialism with Chinese characteristics". | Deng Xiaoping |
| He is currently the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China, holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003. | Hu Jintao |
| He acceded to the throne in 1989, and is the 21st most senior monarch or lifelong leader. He is the world's only reigning monarch with the title of emperor. | Akihito |
| He was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. Since stepping down from office he has remained one of the most influential politicians in Singapore. | Lee Kuan Yew |
| He is the third and current Prime Minister of Singapore. | Lee Hsien Loong |
| She was President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. She was the first female President of the Philippines and was Asia's first female President (not including Soong Ching-ling, Honorary President and acting Chairman of China) | Corazon Aquino |
| She is the widow of the popular opposition senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., and when he was assassinated at then Manila International Airport on his return from exile on August 21, 1983, she became the focus of the opposition to the autocratic rule of Marcos | Corazon Aquino |
| He was a former ROK Army general and the leader of the Republic of Korea from 1961 to 1979. | Park Chung-Hee |
| He has been credited with the industrialization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth, but is also heavily criticized for his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971), sending troops to support the U.S. in Vietnam. | Park Chung-Hee |
| He commands the 4th largest standing army in the world. North Korea officially refers to him as the "Dear Leader". | Kim Jong-il |
| As leader of North Korea, he ended up switching from a Marxist-Leninist ideology to his self-developed Juche idea and established a personality cult. North Korea officially refers to him as the "Great Leader" and he is "Eternal President." | Kim Il-sung |
| He is a prominent Japanese industrialist, who was largely responsible for bringing Toyota Motor Corporation to profitability and worldwide prominence during his tenure as CEO and later Chairman, a position he held until 1994. | Eiji Toyoda |
| In 1983,this man and his comopany decided to compete in the luxury car market, which culminated in the 1989 introduction of the Lexus. | Eiji Toyoda |
| He is the current King of Thailand. Publicly acclaimed "the Great". Having reigned since June 9, 1946, he is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-serving monarch in Thai history. | Rama IX |
| He is known as "Father of the Green Revolution in India" , for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. | M.S. Swaminathan |
| His first credited film (Sanshiro Sugata) was released in 1943; his last (Madadayo) in 1993. | Akira Kurosawa |
| In 1954, he went to Beijing to talk with Mao Zedong and other leaders of the PRC. | Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama |
| He is a practising member of the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism and is influential as a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, as the world's most famous Buddhist monk, and is leader of the exiled Tibetan government in India. | Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama |
| He co-founded Sony with Masaru Ibuka. | Akio Morita |
| He co-founded Sony with Akio Morita. | Masaru Ibuka |
| He is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. He is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life | Sigmund Freud |
| He was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of his work was not fully realized until years after his death. | Baruch Spinoza |
| By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, he is also considered one of Western philosophy's definitive ethicists. | Baruch Spinoza |
| She was a German-born Jewish girl from the city of Frankfurt, who wrote a diary while in hiding with her family and four friends in Amsterdam during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. | Anne Frank |
| Among the twelve apostles, he was apparently designated to keep account of the "money bag," but he is most traditionally known for his role in Jesus' betrayal into the hands of Roman authorities. | Judas Iscariot |
| He composed the "Symphony of a Thousand." | Gustav Mahler |
| He was obsessed with Beethoven's legacy; he declared that all of his symphonies were "ninths", having the same impact and scale as Beethoven's famous Choral symphony. Mahler was also apparently a firm believer in the curse of the ninth. | Gustav Mahler |
| He was a rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Andalusia, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. He was one of the various medieval Jewish philosophers who also influenced the non-Jewish world. | Moses Maimonides |
| In his commentary on the Mishna (tractate Sanhedrin, chapter 10), he formulates his 13 principles of faith. | Moses Maimonides |
| He as a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. | Niels Bohr |
| He was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah, (the Jewish enlightenment) is indebted. For some he was the third Moses (the other two being the Biblical lawgiver and Moses Maimonides | Moses Mendelssohn |
| He was the grandfather of the composers Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn. | Moses Mendelssohn |
| He was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is noted for his work in hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy. | Paul Ehrlich |
| He predicted autoimmunity calling it "horror autotoxicus". He coined the term "chemotherapy" and popularized the concept of a "magic bullet". | Paul Ehrlich |
| He is credited with the first empirical observation of the blood-brain barrier and the development of the first antibiotic drug in modern medicine. | Paul Ehrlich |
| He was a rabbi from France, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentaries on the Talmud, Torah and Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). | Rashi |
| His commentaries, which appear in many printed editions of the Talmud and Torah (notably the Chumash), are an indispensable companion to both casual and serious students of Judaism's primary texts. | Rashi |
| He was a British Conservative statesman and literary figure. He served in government for three decades, twice as Prime Minister—the first and thus far only person of Jewish parentage to do so. | Benjamin Disraeli |
| His most lasting achievement was the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. | Benjamin Disraeli |
| In 1876 he was raised to the peerage as the Earl of Beaconsfield, capping nearly four decades in the House of Commons. | Benjamin Disraeli |
| He mainly wrote romances, of which Sybil and Vivian Grey are perhaps the best-known today. | Benjamin Disraeli |
| His stories, such as The Metamorphosis (1915), and novels, including The Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926), concern troubled individuals in a nightmarishly impersonal and bureaucratic world. | Franz Kafka |
| He was the first Prime Minister of Israel. His passion for Zionism, which began early in life, culminated in his instrumental role in the founding of the state of Israel. | David Ben-Gurion |
| After leading Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, he helped build the state institutions and oversaw the absorption of vast numbers of Jews from all over the world. | David Ben-Gurion |
| Renowned within Judaism as a sage and scholar, he was the founder of the "Beit Hillel" ("House of Hillel") school for Tannaïm (Sages of the Mishnah) and the founder of a dynasty of Sages who stood at the head of the Jews. | Hillel the Elder |
| He is popularly known as the author of two sayings: "If I am not for myself, who will be [for me]? And when I am for myself, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?"[1] and the expression of the ethic of reciprocity, or "Golden Rule." | Hillel the Elder |
| The Sanhedrin voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of him, and thereafter he was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). | Hillel the Elder |
| He lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman Emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre (Deut. 357) the periods of his life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. | Hillel the Elder |
| He was the inventor of the method of proof, used in game theory, known as backward induction. | John von Neumann |
| While physics had found its language in the infinitesimal calculus, he proposed the language of game theory and a general equilibrium theory for economics. | John von Neumann |
| His first significant contribution to economic game theory was the minimax theorem of 1928. | John von Neumann |
| was the Jewish leader who led what is known as Bar Kokhba's revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE, establishing an independent Jewish state of Israel which he ruled for three years as Nasi ("prince," or "president"). | Simon bar Kokhba |
| His state was conquered by the Romans in 135 CE following a two-year war. He became the last king of Israel in history. | Simon bar Kokhba |
| He was a French novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of À la recherche du temps perdu. | Marcel Proust |
| He was the founder of the Rothschild family banking empire that would become one of the most successful business families in history. | Mayer Rothschild |
| He changed his name to Rothschild (Red Shield in English) from Bauer, the previous family name, in reference to the red shield that was the official house sign and thus logotype of the family business, a bank and pawnshop founded by his father Moses. | Mayer Rothschild |
| Much of his fortune and rise to prominence was built on business dealings with Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. | Mayer Rothschild |
| He is a figure described in Middle Eastern scriptures as a wise ruler of an empire centred on the united Kingdom of Israel. He was born in Jerusalem about 1000 BC and reigned over Israel from 971 BC to 931 BC. | Solomon |
| The Hebrew Bible accounts accounts identify him as the son of David.[2] He is also called Jedidiah in the Tanakh (Old Testament), and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy | Solomon |
| The Bible accredits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem | Solomon |
| He wrote in Almansor, "Where they burn books, they will ultimately also burn people." | Heinrich Heine |
| He wrote, "As Henry IV said, 'Paris is worth a mass'; I say, 'Berlin is worth the sermon.'" | Heinrich Heine |
| He was a noted German-born opera composer, and the first great exponent of Grand Opera. | Giacomo Meyerbeer |
| He was a Jewish mystic in Safed. His name today is attached to all of the mystic thought in Safed. | Isaac Luria |
| While his direct literary contribution to the Kabbalistic school of Safed was extremely minute (he only wrote a few poems), his fame led to the school and all its works being named after him. | Isaac Luria |
| The main popularizer of his ideas was Hayim Vital, though Vital's claim to be the official interpreter of the Lurianic system was disputed by some. | Isaac Luria |
| He was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was an influential politician in the early days of the Soviet Union, first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army. | Leon Trotsky |
| After leading the failed struggle of the Left Opposition against the policies and rise of Joseph Stalin in the 1920s and the increasing bureaucratization of the Soviet Union, he was deported in the Great Purge. | Leon Trotsky |
| As the head of the Fourth International, he continued in exile to oppose the Stalinist bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, and was eventually assassinated in Mexico by Ramón Mercader. | Leon Trotsky |
| His most famous work is his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. | David Ricardo |
| Author of The High Price of Bullion, a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes which advocated the adoption of a metallic currency. | David Ricardo |
| Wrote Essay on the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock (1815), which argued that repealing the Corn Laws would distribute more wealth to the productive members of society | David Ricardo |
| He was a political economist, in a Sephardic Jewish family (from Portugal) that emigrated from the Netherlands to Great Britain, often credited with systematizing economics. | David Ricardo |
| He was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most sensational political dramas in modern French and European history. | Alfred Dreyfus |
| He was a Hungarian-American physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction and worked on the Manhattan Project. He was born in Budapest under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and died in La Jolla, California. | Leo Szilard |
| It is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of complex systems, especially communication processes, control mechanisms and feedback principles. It is closely related to control theory and systems theory. | Cybernetics |
| 1946 saw the creation of his new "multiform" paintings. He was a Latvian-born Jewish American painter and printmaker who is classified as an abstract expressionist, although he rejected not only the label but even being an abstract painter. | Mark Rothko |
| He was the first to classify bacteria as plants. He also divided bacteria into four groups: Sphaerobacteria, Microbacteria, Desmobacteria, and Spirobacteria. In 1885 he received the Leeuwenhoek Medal. | Ferdinand Cohn |
| He is also known for his description of the life cycle of Bacillus and for showing that it changes from a vegetative state to an endospore when subjected to a "hostile" environment (e.g., high heat). | Ferdinand Cohn |
| He showed that sterilization by boiling is not effective. It will only kill the bacteria in the vegetative state and the endospores remain viable. | Ferdinand Cohn |
| He was an American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. He founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and held the position as president of the organization for all but one year from 1886 until his death in 1924. | Samuel Gompers |
| This AFL president enthusiastically supported the American entry into World War I, opposing Eugene V. Debs and other leftists who were against the war. | Samuel Gompers |
| He was an American labor and political leader, one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as five-time Socialist Party of America candidate for President of the United States. | Eugene Debs |
| He was named after the French authors Eugene Sue and Victor Hugo. | Eugene Debs |
| Her life was marked by two primary relationships, the first with her brother Leo Stein, from 1874-1914, and the second with Alice B. Toklas, from 1907 until this woman's death in 1946. | Gertrude Stein |
| He was a Prussian-born American physicist known for his work on the measurement of the speed of light and especially for the Michelson-Morley experiment. | Albert Michelson |
| In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in sciences. | Albert Michelson |
| It is generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the theory of a luminiferous aether. The experiment has also been referred to as "the kicking-off point for the theoretical aspects of the Second Scientific Revolution." | The Michelson-Morley Experiment |
| The few biographical details concerning Philo are found in his own works, especially in Legatio ad Gaium. | Philo |
| The only event in his life that can be determined chronologically is his participation in the embassy which the Alexandrian Jews sent to the emperor Caligula at Rome. | Philo |
| She was the fourth prime minister of the State of Israel. | Golda Meir |
| After serving as the Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister, she became Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969. | Golda Meir |
| She was described as the "Iron Lady" of Israeli politics years before the epithet became associated with British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. | Golda Meir |
| David Ben-Gurion used to call her "the only man in the Cabinet." | Golda Meir |
| Born in Vilnius, Lithuania, he displayed extraordinary talents while still a child. By the time he was twenty years old, rabbis were submitting their most difficult halakhic problems to him for decision. | Vilna Gaon |
| He was a voluminous author, writing such works as glosses on the Babylonian Talmud and Shulchan Aruch known as Biurei ha-Gra ("Elaboration by the Gra"), a running commentary on the Mishnah. | Vilna Gaon |
| This man, also known as the Ba'al Shem Tov [1], founded Hasidic Judaism. It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people, when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study; many felt that Jewish life was "too academic" and "no fun" | Baal Shem Tov |
| This concept, expressed by Henri Bergson, is a kind of vital impetus which explains evolution in a less mechanical and more lively manner, as well as the creative impulse of mankind. | Elan Vital |
| Duration is the theory of time and consciousness, posited by the French philosopher ________ | Henri Bergson |
| He composed 48 "Songs Without Words." | Felix Mendelssohn |
| He is generally cited as the creator of the "star system" within Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in its golden years. He believed in "wholesome entertainment" and went to great lengths to collect "more stars than in the heavens". | Louis B. Mayer |
| Like Ghazali, he endeavored to liberate his religion (Judaism in his case) from the bondage of the various philosophical systems in which it had been held by his predecessors. | Yehuda Halevi |
| He was a prime financier of the American side during the American Revolutionary War against Great Britain. A Jew, he was born in Leszno (Lissa), Poland, the son of a rabbi. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Haym Solomon |
| During the siege of Jerusalem in the Great Jewish Revolt he sneaked out of the city in a coffin to negotiate with Vespasian, whom he predicted would become Emperor. | Yochanan ben Zakai |
| He was known for extending the German Romantic traditions of both Brahms and Wagner, and also for his pioneering innovations in atonality, including the development of twelve-tone technique, a compositional method involving tone rows. | Arnold Schoenberg |
| He coined the term developing variation and was the first modern composer to embrace motivic development without deference to the centrality of a solitary subject or theme. | Arnold Schoenberg |
| He was also a painter, an important music theorist, and an influential teacher of composition; his students included Alban Berg, Anton Webern, and later John Cage. | Arnold Schoenberg |
| His work and editorship of the first journal of sociology (L'Année Sociologique) helped establish sociology within the academy as an accepted social science. | Emile Durkheim |
| He was a Belarusian-born American businessman and pioneer of American commercial radio and television. He founded the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and throughout most of his career he led the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). | David Sarnoff |
| Known as "The General", he ruled over an ever-growing telecommunications and consumer electronics empire to include both RCA and NBC, which became one of the largest companies in the world. | David Sarnoff |
| He is most famous for having written the librettos to three Mozart operas, Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte. Many of his works belonged to the Opera buffa genre. | Lorenzo da Ponte |
| He is best known as a part-owner and leader of Sears, Roebuck and Company, and for the Rosenwald Fund which donated millions to support the education of African Americans. | Julius Rosenwald |
| He was the principal founder and backer for the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, to which he gave over five million dollars and served as the President (1927-1932). | Julius Rosenwald |
| He was a Polish biochemist, generally credited with the first formulation of the concept of Vitamins in 1912, which he called vital amines or vitamines. | Casimir Funk |
| He wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works in collaboration with his elder brother, lyricist Ira. He composed both for Broadway and for the classical concert hall. He also wrote popular songs with success. | George Gershwin |
| He was a chemist who developed a new process of producing acetone through bacterial fermentation, Zionist leader, President of the World Zionist Organization, and the first President of the State of Israel. | Chaim Weizmann |
| He was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". | Franz Boas |
| He is famed for applying the scientific method to the study of human cultures and societies, a field which was previously based on the formulation of grand theories around anecdotal knowledge. | Franz Boas |
| He was a rabbi and Kabbalist who claimed to be the long-awaited Jewish Messiah. He was the founder of the Jewish Sabbatean movement, and inspired the founding of a number of other similar sects, such as the Donmeh in Turkey. | Sabbatai Zevi |
| Founder of NOW | Betty Friedan |
| He is known for both his conducting of the New York Philharmonic, including the acclaimed Young People's Concerts series, and his compositions, including West Side Story, Candide, and On the Town. | Leonard Bernstein |
| He was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry who survived and recorded the Destruction of Jerusalem in 70. His works give an important insight into first-century Judaism. | Flavius Josephus |
| His two most important works are Jewish War (c. 75) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94).[3] Jewish War recounts the Jewish revolt against Rome (66-70). Antiquities of the Jews recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective. | Flavius Josephus |
| As a literary scholar, he translated Charles Baudelaire's Tableaux Parisiens and Marcel Proust's famous novel, In Search of Lost Time. | Walter Benjamin |
| His work is widely cited in academic and literary studies, in particular his essays The Task of the Translator and The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. | Walter Benjamin |
| He was an American litigator, Supreme Court Justice, advocate of privacy, and developer of the Brandeis Brief. In addition, he helped lead the American Zionist movement. | Louis Brandeis |
| This Supreme Court Justice was appointed by Woodrow Wilson to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1916 (sworn-in on June 5), and served until 1939. | Louis Brandeis |
| The University of Louisville's law school, where he is buried, is named for him. | Louis Brandeis |
| He was a German-born Jewish American inventor, best known for developing the disc record gramophone (phonograph in American English). | Emile Berliner |
| He founded The Berliner Gramophone Company in 1895, The Gramophone Company in London, England, in 1897, Deutsche Grammophon in Hanover, Germany, in 1898 and Berliner Gram-o-phone Company of Canada in Montreal in 1899. | Emile Berliner |
| She developed a reputation as a serious dramatic actress, earning the nickname "The Divine Sarah." | Sarah Bernhardt |
| He was the German-born American[1] creator of the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His namesake firm, Levi Strauss & Company, was founded in 1853 in San Francisco. | Levi Strauss |
| His major work on the Talmud is referred to as: "Chiddushei haRamban", and offers a dazzling breadth and depth to the Talmud. | Nahmanides |
| He was a Jewish-Polish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. | Menachem Begin |
| As the leader of Irgun, he played a central role in Jewish military resistance to the British Mandate of Palestine, but was strongly deplored and consequently sidelined by the mainstream Zionist leadership. | Menachem Begin |
| His first significant achievement as Prime Minister was to negotiate the Camp David Accords with President Sadat of Egypt, agreeing on the full withdrawal of the Israel Defense Forces from the Sinai Peninsula. | Menachem Begin |
| Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, Anna Freud's work emphasized the importance of the ego, and its ability to be trained socially. | Anna Freud |
| She, as a woman in the Hebrew Bible, the queen of Ahasuerus (commonly identified with either Xerxes I, Xerxes II, Artaxerxes I or Artaxerxes II). | Esther |
| This is the basis for the Jewish celebration of Purim. Its full text is read aloud twice during the celebration. | The Book of Esther |
| This is set in the third year of Ahasuerus, a king of Persia usually identified with Xerxes I, although other identifications have been suggested. It tells a story of palace intrigue and genocide thwarted by a Jewish queen of Persia. | The Book of Esther |
| Mordecai's cousin Hadassah is selected from the candidates to be Ahasuerus's new wife | The Book of Esther |
| As a result of her intervention and influence, Persian Jews lived in Persia (modern Iran) for 2400 years thereafter. Her husband Ahasuerus followed in the footsteps Cyrus the Great, in showing mercy to the Jews of Persia. | Esther |
| Notable ideas: Ich-Du and Ich-Es | Martin Buber |
| He was an American biologist and physician best known for the research and development of the first effective polio vaccine. He devoted much energy toward the development of an AIDS vaccine. | Jonas Salk |
| Among the numerous stage productions he worked on were On the Town, High Button Shoes, The King And I, The Pajama Game, Bells Are Ringing, West Side Story, Gypsy: A Musical Fable and Fiddler on the Roof. | Jerome Robbins |
| A proponent of Realpolitik, he played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente. | Henry Kissinger |
| This term refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions. The term is often used pejoratively to imply politics that are coercive, amoral, or Machiavellian. | Realpolitik |
| Officials in France, Brazil, Chile, Spain, and Argentina have sought him for questioning about war crimes he might have committed, such as Operation Condor, hindering his travel abroad. | Henry Kissinger |
| This was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America. | Operation Condor |
| He was an Austrian-American chess player and the first official world chess champion. | Wilhelm Steinitz |
| He was a prominent figure in American literature and cinema for over 61 years, writing a wide variety of plays, including celebrated plays such as The Crucible, A View from the Bridge, All My Sons, and Death of a Salesman. | Arthur Miller |
| He was an English prizefighter, who was boxing champion of England 1792-95. He is sometimes called the father of scientific boxing. | Daniel Mendoza |
| A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Company, Follies, A Little Night Music, Sweeney Todd, Sunday in the Park with George, Into the Woods, and Assassins, as well as the lyrics for West Side Story and Gypsy. | Stephen Sondheim |
| She was a Lithuanian-born anarchist known for her political activism, writing, and speeches. She was lionized as a free-thinking "rebel woman" by admirers, and derided as an advocate of politically-motivated murder and violent revolution by her critics. | Emma Goldman |
| She published an anarchist journal called Mother Earth. | Emma Goldman |
| He was one of the most famous British Jews in the 19th century. Montefiore was a financier, stockbroker, philanthropist and also the Sheriff of London. | Moses Montefiore |
| He wrote around 700 songs, including such classics as Ol' Man River, A Fine Romance, Smoke Gets in Your Eyes, and The Way You Look Tonight and more than 100 complete scores for shows and films, including Show Boat. | Jerome Kern |
| He was a Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet and writer, in the West best known for his epic novel Doctor Zhivago. | Boris Pasternak |
| This man, whose birth name was Ehrich Weisz (which was changed to Erich Weiss when he immigrated to the United States), was a Hungarian American magician, escapologist (widely regarded as one of the greatest ever), stunt performer, as well as a skeptic. | Harry Houdini |
| He is considered one of the fathers of the field of public relations along with Ivy Lee. | Edward Bernays |
| Combining the ideas of Gustave Le Bon and Wilfred Trotter on crowd psychology with the psychoanalytical ideas of his uncle, Sigmund Freud, he was one of the first to attempt to manipulate public opinion using the psychology of the subconscious. | Edward Bernays |
| He initially refused to play Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto, despite being the dedicatee, because he regarded the work as unplayable. | Leopold Auer |
| Many famous virtuoso violinists were among his pupils, including Mischa Elman, Jascha Heifetz, Nathan Milstein, Efrem Zimbalist, Georges Boulanger, Benno Rabinof, and Oscar Shumsky. | Leopold Auer |
| He is famed as a master of wit. He made 15 feature films with his siblings, the Marx Brothers, and also had a successful solo career, most notably as the host of the radio and television game show, You Bet Your Life. | Groucho Marx |
| He was an American artist who spent most of his career in Paris, France. Perhaps best described simply as a modernist, he was a significant contributor to both the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. | Man Ray |
| She studied Talmud and established the first American night school, intended to provide English language instruction and vocational skills to Russian Jewish immigrants in Baltimore. | Henrietta Szold |
| She founded the Jewish women's organization Hadassah in 1912 and served as its president until 1926. | Henrietta Szold |
| He was an American jazz musician and clarinetist, known as "King of Swing", "Patriarch of the Clarinet", "The Professor", and "Swing's Senior Statesman". | Benny Goodman |
| He is a three-time Academy Award winner and is the highest grossing filmmaker of all time; his films having made nearly $8 billion internationally. | Steven Spielberg |
| He was a French painter of Russian-Jewish origin who was born in Belarus, at that time part of the Russian Empire. He is associated with the modern movements after impressionism. | Marc Chagall |
| His most recent studio album, Modern Times, released on August 29, 2006, entered the U.S. album charts at #1, making him, at age 65, the oldest living person to top those charts. | Bob Dylan |
| His decision not to pitch Game 1 of the 1965 World Series because game day fell on Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement, garnered national attention. | Sandy Koufax |
| He was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. He was a major figure in establishing the market for paintings by the "Old Masters". | Bernard Berenson |
| He was the co-creator of Superman (along with Joe Shuster). | Jerry Siegel |
| was the co-creator of Superman (along with Jerry Siegel). | Joe Shuster |
| Called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". | Frederick Douglass |
| He was a firm believer in the equality of all people, whether black, female, American Indian, or recent immigrant. He was fond of saying, "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong." | Frederick Douglass |
| Lewis Adams and other organizers of a new normal school in Tuskegee, Alabama found the energetic and visionary leader they sought in 25 year-old __________ | Booker T. Washington |
| He was an African American civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95. | W.E.B. Du Bois |
| He was an African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School and NAACP Litigation Director who helped play a role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws and helped train future Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall. | Charles Houston |
| He was educated at Amherst College, where he was valedictorian, and at Harvard Law School, where he graduated cum laude and was a member of the Harvard Law Review. Known as "The Man Who Killed Jim Crow." | Charles Houston |
| Houston's brilliant plan to attack and defeat Jim Crow segregation by using the inequality of the "separate but equal" doctrine (from the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision) | Charles Houston |
| Known as "The Man Who Killed Jim Crow," he played a role in nearly every civil rights case before the Supreme Court between 1930 and Brown v. Board of Education (1954). | Charles Houston |
| He was an African American pastor and the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. | Rev. Richard Allen |
| was an African American abolitionist and clergyman. He was the first African American priest in the Episcopal Church and is listed on the Episcopal calendar of saints. | Absalom Jones |
| He is considered the founder of "Black Freemasonry" in the United States. | Prince Hall |
| These two men started the first black newspaper in 1827, calling it Freedom's Journal. | Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm |
| He was an American black abolitionist, most famous for his pamphlet Walker's Appeal, which called for black pride, demanded the immediate and universal emancipation of the slaves, and defended violent rebellion. | David Walker |
| He was an American slave whose slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, was the most remarkable instance of black resistance to enslavement in the antebellum southern United States. | Nat Turner |
| His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial, but he is still considered by many to be a heroic figure of black resistance to oppression. | Nat Turner |
| This man, with the help of Reverend Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, enlisted 2,500 Blacks to guard Philadelphia during the War of 1812. | James Forten |
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