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BIO205-CH11-Prok&Arc
BIO205 - CH11 - Prokaryotes - Bacteria & Archaea - Tortora - Rio Salado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proteobacteria include? | Most of the gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria - largest taxonomic group. |
| Phylogenic relationships based upon __. | rRNA studies |
| prosthecae | Unusual morphology - protrusions such as salks & buds. |
| Alphaprotobacteria include __. | agriculturally important bacteria capable of nitrogen-fixation in symbiosis with plants. |
| The prefix __ is found in nitro-fixing genera of bacteria. | azo - a=without & zo=life - nitrogen came to be associated with absense of life. |
| Protobacteria are gram-__. | negative |
| The phylum for a Pseudomonadales is a __. | proteobacteria (gamma) |
| Enterobacteriales (order) are __ protobacteria. | gamma |
| Escherichia & Salmonella (genera) bacteria are gamma__. | protobacteria - coli is one too. |
| Myxococcus (order) bacteria are __. | deltaproteobacteria |
| Name 3 gram-negative bacteria that are not proteobacteria. | Cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs), chlamydia (chemoheterotropic) & spirochetes (chemoheterotrophic). |
| What is the purpose of a stalk in certain bacteria? | Anchor organs & increase nutrient uptake - stalk increases surface-to-volume ratio of cell. |
| How do budding bacteria divide? | Not by binary fission - they resemble asexual reproduction - bud increases in size till it separates into a complete cell. |
| Agrobacterium do what? | Invade plants - form tumor like crown gall when it inserts a plasmid with DNA into plant DNA - scientists interested for genetic engineering. |
| 75% of animal species carry which endosymbiont? | Wolbachia - hide as endosymbionts in cell of insect - bacteria is killed, host dies - can turn male into female in some insects. |
| Parthenogenesis | In some insects, amphibians & reptiles - a method of reproduction caused by the wolbachia bacteria inside the organisms. |
| How does a sheath help a bacteria? | Protective & aid in nutrient accumulation |
| Bordetella, Neisseria (gonorrhoea), & Burkholderia are __protobacteria. | beta |
| For what are fimbriae used? | Enables organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoeae to attach to mucous membrane - contributes to pathogenicity. |
| Neisseria gonorrheae | gonorrhea - gram-negative, bean-shaped cocus - diplococci due to fimbriae - faculative anaerobe - oxidase & catalase positive - ferments glucose. |
| Neisseria meningitidis | meningitis - gram-negative, bean-shaped coccus - diplococci, faculative anaerobe, oxidase & catalase positive - lactose negative. |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Bad for burn units & UTI - gram-negative, beta-hemolytic, aerobic, oxidase & catalase positive - non-lactose-fermenting |
| Can cause UTI, sepsis, & meningitis | Pseudomonas - gram-negitive rods, gammaproteobacteria - glow in flourescent light. |
| Why are pseudomonas a problem in hospital? | Their nutritional diversity - grow on soaps, antiseptics (quats), antibiotic resistance due to porins - responsible for 1 in 10 nosocomical infections. |
| Causes conjunctivitis | Moraxella - gammaproteobacteria. |
| Escherichia coli | Gram-negative, beta-hemolysis, green-black with metallic sheen on EMB, lactose +, catalase +, oxidase - diarrhea & UTI. |
| Vibronales (order) | Vibrio cholerae - cholera - diarrhea - undercooked shellfish - gammaproteobacteria. |
| Salmonella (genus) | Almost all are pathogenic - 2400 serovars (species varieties) flagella are antigens - S. typhi (typhoid) & salmonellosis (foodborn disease) - gammaproteobacteria. |
| Salmonella typhi | "Typhi" is actually serotype - gram-negative rod, fac. anaerobe, lactose - , glucose +, oxidase -, Food poisioning & typhoid. |
| Serovars (serotype) | Subdivisions of species - i.e. Salmonella typhi is actually "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium". |
| bivars (biotypes) | Further subdivisions of serovars - special biochemical or physiological properties. |
| Proteus - Phylum, Class & Order | Proteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales. |
| Enterobacter are gammaproteobacteria that use __. | UTI & hospital-acquired infections. |
| X factor | Substances from the heme fraction of blood hemoglobin - Haemophilus species |
| V factor | NAD+ OR NADP+ - needed to culture Heamophilus. |
| Why are deltaproteobacteria distinctive? | Include predators on other bacteria & sulfer cycle. |
| Why do Bdellovibrio bacteria attack other bacteria? | To reproduce when the host cell lyses (deltaproteobacteria). |
| Myxococcus | Preys on other bacteria - deltaproteobacteria - gram-negative, fruiting body & spores. |
| Vibroid | Helical bacteria - motile by flagella - microaerophics. |
| What epsilonproteobacteria is known to cause stomach cancer and ulcers? | Helicobacterer pylori |
| What do gram-negative - nonproteobacteria have in common? | They are photosynthesizing bacteria (cyanobacteria, etc.) |
| heterocysis | Special cells in cyanobacteria that contain enzymes that fix nitrogen gas. |
| Which bacteria do scientists believe played an important part in development of life on earth? | Cyanobacteria - oxygenic photosynthetic - believed to have made oxygen possible. |
| How does photosynthesis of cyanobacteria differ from purple sulfur bacteria? | Photosynthetic bacteria like cyanobacteria produce oxygen, whle purple sulfer is anoxygenic in that it doesn't produce oxygen, but sulfer. |
| 2 groups of gram-positive bacteria | High G+C ratios (Actinobacteria) & low G+C ratios (Firmicutes) |
| Firmicutes (phylum) | Low G+C gram-positive bacteria - Clostridium, bacillus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, lactobacillus, & mycoplasma. |
| Clostridium perfringens | From lab - low G+C (Firmicutes), gram +, rod, double zone of beta-hemolysis, anaerobic, catalse -, Causes gangrene. |
| Genus Clostridium | Rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes, contain endospores, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringes, C. difficile. |
| Haemophilus influenzae | Gram-neg. rod, catalase +, causes meningitis |
| What causes Clostridium to be problem in contamination of deep wound? | They are anaerobes. |
| What structure is made by both Clostridium and Bacillus? | endospores |
| Which bacteria has 25x as much DNA as human cell? | Epulopicium fishelsoni - lives inside Red Sea Surgeonfish - Low G+C gram-pos. bacteria (Firmicutes). |
| Bacillus anthracis | Lab - anthrax - gram +, rod, low G+C (firmicutes), non-hemolytic, catalase +, faculative anaerobe, forms chains. |
| Bacillales | Firmicutes (Low G+C) gram +, endospores, rods, common in soil - some rpoduce antibiotics. |
| Staphylococcus | Grape clusters, cocci, low G+C (firmicutes), gram +, faculative anaerobes, yellow. |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Lab - gram +, grape clusters, yellow, low G+C (firmicutes), beta-hemolysis, catalase +, oxidase +, ferments mannitol - enterotoxin causes vomiting - can be antibiotic resistant - abscesses. |
| Toxins in S. aureus help it to do what? | Invade the body or damage tissue. |
| Enterotoxin | From S. aureus - cuases vomiting & nausea - most common cause of food poisoning. |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Gram +, grape clusters, low G+C (firmicutes), fac. anaerobe, catalase +, no hemolysis, no change in agar color, VP+ - normally lives on skin & mucous membrane - when immune system weak. |
| Lactobacillales | Low G+C (firmicutes), gram +, lactic acid +, aerotolerant. |
| Lactobacillus used to make? | Pickles, yogurt, buttermilk - lactic acid fermenters - gram +, firmicutes. |
| Streptococcus | Gram +, firmicutes (low G+C), chains of cocci, destroy phagocytic cells that ingest them, digest CT of host - lyse fibrin - some are beta-hymolytic & some aren't. |
| Name some of the beta-hemolytic Streptococci | S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae. |
| Name some non-hemolytic Streptococci. | S. pneumoniae, S. mutans. |
| Alpha-hemolytic appears? | Colonies surrounded by greening which is partial distruction of RBCs. |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Lab - gram +, cocci, chains, non-pigmented, beta-hemolysis, catalase -, causes strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever - M protein allows them to avoid phagocytosis. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Lab - gram +, cocci, in pairs, alpha-hemolytic, catalase -, encapsulated, pneumococcal pneumonia, & meningitis |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Lab - gram +, cocci, chains/pairs/clusters, beta-hemolysis, catalase -, oxidase -, normal in intestines - can cause UTI - nosocomial infections - in wounds & cathaders. |
| What enzyme lyses RBCs in beta-hemolytic species? | hemolysin |
| Causes dental caries | Streptococcus mutans |
| Enterococcus found where? | Low oxygen places in body - GI tract, vagina, oral cavity, & stools. |
| Enterococcus | Gram +, low G+C (firmicutes), found in hospitals (nosocomial) - highly resistant to antibiotics - surgical wound infections. |
| Mycoplasmatales lack a __. | cell wall |
| Why don't filters work well on mycoplasmatales? | Tiny size & plasticity due to no cell wall - may be smallest self-replicating organism. |
| Loosing genetic material is called __. | degenerative evolution |
| Irregular morphology | pleomorphic |
| What are Actinobacteria? | High G+C, gram + bacteria like mycobacterium, corynebacterium & Nocardia - (actino=ray) - radiate, or starlike, form of growth - branching filaments. |
| Actinomycetes are Actinobacteria (high G+C) that resemble __ & reproduce how? | molds - by asexual spores |
| Mycobacterium | Tuberculosis & leprosy - Aerobic, non-endospore-forming rods, acid-fast, drug resistant, pathogenic due to cell wall (mycolic acids) - waxy & water resistant. |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Lab - High G+C (Actinobacteria), straight, gram +, rod, like stacks of coins - diptheriae |
| Which Actinobacteria genus produces most of our commercial antibiotics? | Streptomyces - gram +, high G+C bacteria (Actinobacteria). |
| Filament forming is advantageous in what environment? | Soil |
| Nocardia | Actinobacteria (high G+C), gram +, aerobic, acid-fast, soil |
| Why are Actinomyces not classified as fungi? | They are prokaryotic. |
| Chlamydiae lack __ in their cell walls. | peptidoglycan |
| Besides lacking peptidoglycan in cell walls, what makes chlamydiae unique? | Their debelopmental cycle - elementary bodies, reticulate bodies, & intermediate bodies. |
| Elementary bodies of chlamydiae | infectious stage (small) |
| Reticulate bodies of chlamydiae | Reproduction in host cell |
| Intermediate bodies of chlamydiae | Stage from reticulate to elementary |
| Spirochetes move by? | Axial filaments (endoflagella) near pole of cell. |
| Name some diseases caused by spirochetes. | Gram + - syphilis & Lyme disease |
| Bacteroidetes | Gram +, high G+C (actinobacteria), anaerobic, intestinal tract & mouth - puncture wounds & peritonitis due to perforated bowel. |
| Fusobacteria | Gram +, high G+C (actinobacteria), anaerobic, pleomorphic, spindle-shaped - dental abcesses. |
| The Domain Archaea lack __. | peptidoglycan in cell walls |
| Gram of Archaea | Both + & - organisms. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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