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Praxis
Atomic & Nuclear Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Strong Nuclear Force? | The attraction between protons & neutrons, but only those that are neighbors. |
| What is Electric Repulsion? | Electric Repulsion is the force that works to repel between protons only and at long range. Adding neutrons to the nucleus increases the amount of strong force without an increase in electric repulsion. |
| According to Schrodinger, what kind of space does an electron occupy? | Three dimensional - thus requiring 3 coordinates or quantum numbers to describe the orbits in which electrons are found. |
| What are the three quantum #s for electron orbitals under the Schrodinger model? | [l-m-n, angular-magnetic-principal, shape-orientation-size] principal (n) - orbital size. angular (l) - shape of the orbital, l=0 or l=1 for polar, or l=2 for cloverleaf. magnetic (m) - orientation of orbitals. |
| What is the J.J. Thomson "plum pudding" model? | That an atom has electrons surrounded by a blob (pudding or cloud) of positive charges. |
| Who discovered the electron? | J.J. Thomson discovered the electron before the proton or neutron. By studying electricity as it passes through gases Thomson theorized that since electrons have a negative charge there must also be positive charges somewhere to balance and neutralize th |
| What is ionization energy? | Also called ionization potential, energy required to strip an atom or molecule of an electron. Can also be viewed as the strength by which electron is anchored or attached. |
| What is nth ionization energy? | Energy needed to strip an atom or molecule of an nth electron after the previous electrons (n-1) are already removed. |
| Periodic trend for ionization energy? | Increase left to right, decrease top to bottom. |
| Correlation of ionization energy & atomic radius? | negative correlation. |
| How can ionization energy be predicted? | by analysis of Bohr model & electrostatic potential or potential energy per unit of charge that is associated with a static electric field. |
| What is a Coulomb force? | comparison of positive & negative electrical charges. the magnitude is in proportion to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: |
| What is the equation for the Coulomb force vector? | F=q1q2Rx/4 pie er cubed. {F=q1q2/4 pie er squared} - q1 & q2 are the charge magnitudes. r is a vector pointing from one to the other and r acts as the distance between them. |
| What is Planck's Constant? | 6.626 x 10-34 Jxs. In a magnetic field an electron or proton have spins of only h/2 or -h/2 which are up or down depending on the direction of the field. |
| How can Planck's Constant be shown? | By taking a rotating charged conducting ball and slicing it up perpendicularly to is axis of rotation into tiny cylinders. Eash cylinder will behave as a current loop, thus a rotating charged ball has a moment when it is magnetic. |
| In Planck's Constant are electrons & protons rotating conducting charged balls? | No, they are modeled as spinning charges. |
| Who formulated the Copenhagen Interpretation? | Niels Bohr & Werner Heisenberg in Copenhagen circa 1927. |
| What is the main conclusion of the Copenhagen Interpretation? | That only the results of experiments should be predicted. Consequently many questions are more philosophical than scientific. |
| What 2 influences of Wave Function does the Copenhagen Interpretation consider? | Unitary Evolution based on the Schrodinger equation. and the process of measurement. |
| What is the Photoelectric Effect? | Process in which light falling on a surface removes electrons from that surface. |
| What is the formula for the energy of a photon in a light bear? | E=hr. E=energy. h=Planck's Constant. F=frequency. |
| According to the Photoelectric Effect, how is the energy emitted from an electron calculated? | A photon's energy minus the energy required to release the electron from the surface. Dependent on light frequency, not intensity. |
| Who introducted Electron Wave Theory? | Louis deBroglie (french). |
| What is the Wave-Particle Duality Theory of Matter? | Light & matter can both show properties of both waves & particles. |
| What was deBroglie's hypothesis about waves? | Any moving particle or object has an associated wave. |
| What is Wave Mechanics Physics? | Joined light and matter physics. |
| Whose ideas started Wave Mechanics Physics? | Louis deBroglie. |
| Who improved on deBroglie's wave theory? | David Bohm. Bohm said that the existence of a non-local universal wave function allows distant particles to instantly interact. |
| What was the Davisson-Germer experiment? | demonstrated the wave nature of the electron. |
| What experiment confirmed deBroglie's wave theory hypothesis? | Davisson-Germer experiment- put wave-particle duality theory on a stable experimental footing. |
| What happened in the Davisson-Germer experiment? | The energy of electrons scattered from a metal surface were measured in a vacuum. The intensity of scattered electron beams peaked at certain angles. |
| What is rejected by the Many-Worlds Interpretation? | Rejects a non-deterministic and wave function collapse associated with measurement in the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. |
| What is proposed by the Many-Worlds Interpretation? | Quantum Entanglement - where quantum states of two or more objects are described as referred to each other even thoug the objects are spatially separated. --a reversible time of evolution of states. |
| What is the overarching theory of the Many-World Interpretation? | That the universal state is a quantum superposition of perhaps infinite parallel universes. |
| What is the Pauli exlusion principle? | No two electrons within an atom may have identical quantum numbers. |
| To what particles does the Pauli Principle apply? | Protons, electrons & neutrons. as well as fermions. |
| What is the Aufbau Principle? | That physical & chemical properties of elements are determined by the atomic structure. |
| What do the Aufbau Principle rules explain? | How the electrons are arranged in shells surrounding the nucleus in the electron cloud. These rules help solve some of the modern atomic theory equations. |
| List the Aufbau Principle rules. | 1. The least energetically available subshell is where electrons are placed. 2. At most, only two electrons can be held in an orbital. 3. If two or more equal orbitals are available then these electrons should be dispersed before being paired. |
| What is Rutherford scattering? | The scattering or repelling of alpha particles (+charged - 2 protons & 2 neutrons) as they approach close to the atomic nucleus. |
| Why is Rutherford Scattering also called Coulomb Scattering? | Because it depends static electric or Coulomb forces. |
| In the Rutherford Scattering, how are Alpha Particles repelled? | Alpha Particles are repelled from a nucleus so strongly that they rebound at high right angles. Few Alpha Particles are repelled because of the small size of a nucleus. |
| Who is known as the "father of Nuclear Physics"? | Ernest Rutherford |
| What are the main ideas in the Bohr Model of an Atom? | *Electrons can only occupy certain orbits. *An electron has uniform circular motion. *The only force on an electron is the attraction between the negative electron and positive nucleus. |
Created by:
kastega