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BIO205-CH10-Classify

BIO205 - CH10 - Classification of Microorganisms - Tortora - Rio Salado - AZ

Question	Answer
Taxonomy	Classification of living forms & establishing relationships between one group and another to differentiate between them.
Taxonomy provides a common __.	Reference for identifying organisms already classified.
taxa (taxon)	Taxonomic catagories that show degrees of similarities among organisms - domain, kingdom, phylum, etc.
All organisms are related through __.	evolution
Systematics/phylogeny	Study of the evolutionary history of organism.
Hierarchy of taxa reflects evolution, or __.	phylogeneric relationships
phylogenetic	Evolutionary relationships
The 3 Domain system is based on what?	Rivosomes are not the same in all cells.
Comparing the sequences of __ in ribosomal RNA from cells shows difference in the 3 Domains.	Nucleotides
Besides differences in rRNA, the 3 domains differ how?	Membrane lipid structure, tRNA, & sensitivity to antibiotics.
The Domain Archae includes all prokaryotes that __.	don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls & often live in extreme environments.
Name a bacteria with a "true" nucleus.	Gemmata bacteria
What indicates that endosymbiotic prokaryotes gave rise to mitochondria & chloriplasts.	Similarities including rRNA sequences.
What "part of speech" is the specific epithet (species)?	Adjective - the genus is a noun.
Eukaryotic species is taxonomically defined as?	A group of closely related organism that can interbreed.
A genus consists of a species that __.	differ from each other in certain ways but are related by descent.
Related species make up a __.	genus
Related genera make up a __.	family
Similar families constitute an __.	order
Group of similar orders makes up a __.	class
Related classes make up a __.	phylum
Each species belongs to __.	a genus, family, order, class, & phylum
In a pure culture, the microbes are __.	clones - population of cells derrived from a single parent cell.
Non identical pure cultures are called __.	a strain
Protists are being divided into groups called __.	clades - genetically related groups.
Fungi develop from __.	spores or from fragments of hyphae
hyphae	thin tube cells joined together - fungi
What kingdom do mosses belong to?	plantae
Which kingdom do sponges belong to?	anamalia
Morphological characteristics are?	Structured - size, intracellular, structures, endospores, & flagella.
What types of test are widely used to differentiate bacteria?	Gram stain & enzymatic activities
Serology	Science that studies serum & immune responses that are evident in serum.
Antigenic	Microorganism that enter an animal's body stimulate it to form antibodies.
Antiserum	A blood-derived fluid containing antibodies.
Slide agglutination test	Samples of unknown bacterium placed on slide & antiserum added to induce agglutination (clumping).
Agglutination results when bacteria are mixed __.	with antiserum (antibodies)
Serological testing can differentiate __.	microbial species & strains within species.
Strains with different antigens are called __.	serotypes, serovars, or biovars
Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).	Antibodies placed in a microplate & an unknown type of bacterium is added - reaction provides ID of bacteria.
How are the slide agglutination test & ELISA test similar?	Both use antibodies to test unknown bacterium.
Western blotting	Used to ID antibodies in patient's serum - known proteins removed from bacterium/virus by electrophores - blotted into filter & then patient's serum washed over filter - if they have antibodies, they will cling.
phage typing	Test for determining which phages a bacteria is susceptible to - looks for similarities among bacteria.
Name 2 diseases diagnosed by Western blotting.	HIV & Lyme disease
The sources of food-associated infections can be traced by __.	phage typing
What is being identified in phage typing?	Wherever the pages are able to infect & lyse the bacterial cells, clearings in the bacterial growth (called plaques) appear.
What is FAME?	Fatty acid methyl ester - fatty acid profile that tests for which fatty acid a bacteria metabolizes.
Flow cytometry	A moving fluid containing bacteria is forced through a small opening - test for electrical conductivity - or light skattering.
DNA base composition	Percent of guanine plus cytosine (G + C).
The base composition of a single species is theoretically __.	a fixed property
The comparison of the __ content in different species can reveal the degree of species relatedness.	G + C
A 40% GC bacteria & a 60% bacterium are __.	probably not related
What comprises DNA fingerprints?	A comparison of the number & sizes of restriction fragments (RFLPs).
What is an RFLP?	Restriction fragments produced when DNA subjected to a restriction enzyme.
Nucleic acid hybridization	2 single strands of DNA are cooled & bind to each other through complementary base pairing - the greater the degree of hybridization, the greater the degree of relatedness.
Nucleic acid hybridization reactions are the basis of what techniques?	Southern Blotting, DNA chip, ribotyping & ribosomal RNA sequencing, & FISH.
Southern Blotting	Uses DNA probes to detect the pretense of specific DNA in restriction fragments separate by electrophoresis.
A DNA chip is composed of __.	DNA probes
DNA chip	Sample of DNA is labeled with fluorescent dye & hybridization between probe DNA & the DNA in sample that is dyed is detected by fluroscence.
Ribotyping uses __.	rRNA - smaller portion of ribosomes
What is on a DNA chip to make it specific for a particular microorganisms?	Synthetic single-stranded DNA sequences.
What is FISH?	Fluorescent in situ Hybridization - determines identity, abundance, & relative acting of microbes in an environment.
In FISH, cells are treated and probe reacts with?	The target ribosome in the cell.
What is stained using the FISH technique?	Microorganisms in place - probe enters and reacts with target ribosome in cell.
Dichotomous keys	ID scheme based on successive paired questions - one question leads to another pair of questions till organism identified.
Cladograms	Maps showing evolutionary relationships.
Each branch point on the cladogram defines?	A feature shared by various species on that branch.

Created by: Ladystorm on 2007-12-25

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BIO205-CH10-Classify

BIO205 - CH10 - Classification of Microorganisms - Tortora - Rio Salado - AZ