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Physio Ch. 14 B
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| H20 and Na+ intake = | output |
| nephron activity include | glomerular filtraion(from plasma): excessive, tubular reabsorption = 99% and tubular secretion |
| tubular reabsorption occurs in the... | prox. convoluted tubule |
| mechanisms of Na+ reabsorption (and thus h20) involve going from...to... | lumen to cell and cell to interstitial fluid |
| Na+ going from lumen to cell is specifically to the...and involves...which sets up the... | luminal membrane of cell...Na+ pump on interstitial side of membrane...cotransport and countertransport |
| Na+ from cell to interstitial fluid (or the...) involves... | basolateral membrane of cell...primary active transport Na+/k+ atpase pump |
| na+ is reabsorbed in the | proximal tubules, ascending loop, distal convoluted, cortical collecting duct |
| H20 diffusion follows...through... | Na+...cell junctions and aquaporins (osmosis) |
| the proximal tubule is extremely | water permeable for reabsorption |
| h20 absorption =...and is also influenced by... | Na+ absorption...movement of other osmotically active chemicals like glucose |
| h20 absorption in the loop of henle varies w/... | location on loop: descending limb is permeable, ascending limb is impermeable |
| distal convoluted tubule is | impermeable to h20 |
| cortical and medullary collecting ducts can...and involves a fine tuning hormone called... | reabsorb h20...vasopressin |
| vasopressin is also called...and it alters the... | ADH...# of aquaporins |
| ^ ADH > | ^ AQP2 aquaporins > ^ H20 reabsorption |
| urine concentration involves the | countercurrent multiplier system function |
| countercurrent multiplier system function produces a | hypertonic medullar interstitium |
| countercurrent multiplier system alters the | osmolarity of the urine relative to plasma |
| hypoosmotic urine is...so what is less than what... | dilute (low sollute, lots of h20)...osmolarity of urine < osmolarity of plasma |
| what is the osmolarity of the plasma normally | 300 mOsm |
| where is the urine hypoosmotic? | top of ascending limb, distal convoluted, |
| isoosmotic urine is...which means... | equivalent to plasma (300 mOsm)...osmolarity of urine = osmolarity of plasma |
| where is the urine isoosmotic? | proximal tubule, cortical collecting duct |
| hyperosmotic urine is...so what is greater than what... | concentrated (^ solutes, less h20)...osmolarity of urine > osmolarity of plasma |
| where is urine hyperosmotic? | descending limb, medullary collecting duct, bottom of ascending |
| hyperosmotic urine is up to...obligatory or miniaml water loss =... | 1400 mOsmol/L urine... .444 L/day |
| hyperosmotic urine starts with...and ends with... | isoosmotic glomerular filtrate...hyperosmotic urine |
| urine is most conentrated in the | medullary collecting duct |
| countercurrent multiplier system components include | loop of henle - juxtamedullary nephrons, distal convoluted tubule, cortical collecting duct and medullary collecting duct |
| loop of henle - juxtamedullary nephrons constitutes...and the thin descending limb is...and the thick ascending limb is... | 15% of nephrons...permeable to water...impermeable to water |
| the thick ascending limb also includes the | nacl pumps |
| distal convoluted tubule also includes the...and is... | nacl pumps...impermeable to h20 (also hypoosomtic) |
| cortical collecting duct also includes the...and has...in order to... | nacl pumps...vasopressin (ADH) and aquaporins...reabsorb water |
| medullar collecting duct has...and is... | vasopressin (ADH) and aquaporins..hyperosmotic |
| the loop of henle establishes | nacl gradient for water reabsorption |
| the action of the...causes the.. | ascending limb...descending limb |
| thick ascending limb: ^ nacl reabsorption >...by | dec. urine osmolarity (hypoosmotic urine leaves loop)...removing the ions |
| thin descending limb: ^ h20 reabsorption >...by.. | ^ urine osmolarity...concentrating the ions |
| in the thick ascending limb the Nacl is pumped to the...so...is moved from... | interstitium...200 mOsm/L...filtrate to interstitium |
| thin descending limb is where water moves from...to...and the filtrate is... | limb...interstitium...concentrated as solutes are left behind |
| nacl is pumped out of the filtrate along the...which decreases...and increases... | entire length of the ascending limb...filtrate osmolarity...interstitium osmolarity |
| water moves from the...along the...which decreaes..and increases... | entire length of the descending limb...interstitium osmolarity...filtrate osmolarity |
| nacl and water have moved from...which results in... | filtrate to interstitium...hypoosmotic urine leaves the loop of henle |
| cortical collecting duct includes the....and also... | nacl pumps..vasopressing > ^ aquaporins |
| cortical collecting ducts w/ vasopressin > ^ aquaporins > ...and...leaves the duct | ^ h2o reabsorption...isoosmotic urine |
| medullary collecting duct: interstitial tissues w/...w/...>... | high osmolarity...vasopressin...^ aquaporins |
| ^ aquaporins > ... and ...leaves the duct | ^ h20 reabsorption...hyperosmotic urine... |
| medullary collecting duct: interstitial fluid w/o vasopressin means there are...and it is relatively... | few aquaporins in collecting ducts...impermeable to h20 |
| medullary collecting ducts w/o vasopressin means that what kind of urine from the...leaves the.. | hypoosmotic urine...distal convoluted tubule...collecting duct |
| medullary circulation maintains the | osmolarity of the interstitium |
| medullary circulation: descending limb of vasa recta carries blood into the...enters as...and loses... | interstitium...300 mOsm...h20 and gains NaCl > ^osmolarity of plasma |
| medullary circulation: ascending limb of vasa recta gains...and loses... which... | h20...nacl...dec osmolarity of plasma |
| ascending limb of vasa recta leaves only | slightly > 300 mosm |
| medullary circulation is driven by..not by.. | concentration gradients...active transport |
| the majority of urea is...to use as part of... | reabsorbed...solutes in interstitium |
| urea recycles through the...how much is filtered? reabsorbed? excreted? | nephron...100%, 85%, 15% |
| reabsorbed urea: a small amount goes to the...but most remains in the... | blood..interstitium(helps establish and maintain the osmotic gradient) |
| Na+ excreted = | na+ filtered - na+ reabsorbed |
| na excreted can either | increase or decrease GFR |
| GFR can modify...of.. | blood pressure..glomerular capillary |
| ^ PGc > | ^ GFR > ^ Na+ excretion |
| dec PGC > | dec GFR > dec Na+ excretion |
| tubular reabsorption is the...and you can either... | most important mechanism to manipulate Na+...increase or decrease tubular reabosrption |
| tubular reabsorption involves...from... | aldosterone...adrenal cortex |
| ^ aldosterone > | ^ Na+ reabsorption |
| dec aldosterone > | dec Na+ reabsorption |
| the sensory mechanism that modifies Na+ filtration are the | baroreceptors in the carotid, aortic, lg veins, atria |
| amount of plasma Na+ impacts... | plasma volume |
| ^ plasma na+ > | ^ plasma volume > ^blood pressure |
| ^ plasma na+ > ^ plasma volume > ^blood pressure > ...which means you... | ^ baroreceptor firing > dec symp output > vasodilation of afferent arteriole > ^ GFR...filter more na+ out of the blood |
| dec plasma na+ > | dec plasma volume > dec blood pressure |
| dec plasma na+ > dec plasma volume > dec blood pressure > ...and means you... | dec baroreceptor firing > ^ symp output > vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole > dec GFR..filter less Na+ out of blood |
| baroreceptors modify | GFR and activity of juxtaglomerular cells at the afferent arteriole |
| dec baroreceptor firing > ^ symp output > | ^ action of juxtaglomerular cells |
| macula densa is part of the...and is located in the...and monitors... | juxtaglomerular apparatus...distal convoluted tubule...Na+ in filtrate |
| macula densa: dec Na+ delivery to macula densa > | ^ action of juxtaglomerular cells > ^ renin |
| renal juxtaglomerular cells on the...part of the...are stimulated by the... | afferent arteriole..juxtaglomerular apparatus...symp system |
| renal juxtaglomerular cells respond to ^...dec...dec.. | symp stimulation...renal arteral pressure...na+ delivery to the macula densa |
| order of events | ^ renin production > ^ angiotensin II > ^ aldosterone |
| hormone control of plasma Na and na excretion involves the | renin-angiotensin system |
| order of events in the renin-angiotensin system | renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, aldosterone |
| renin is an...prodced in the...and functions in the... | enzyme...juxtaglomerular cells...bloodstream |
| renin main function | catalyze angiotensinogen to angiotensinI |
| angiotensin I is..until... | inactive...further modification by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
| ACE is produced in the | lumen of capillaries by endothelial cells |
| angiotensin II is the...and stimulates... | active form...adrenal cortex to release aldosterone |
| angiotensin II also causes | vasoconstriction |
| aldosterone increases | na+ reabsorption |
| aldosterone does not work in the...and it is a...produced in the... | nephron loop...steriod hormone...adrenal cortex |
| aldosterone impacts...as well as the... | distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct...large intestine and sweat glands |
| aldosterone alters...by increasing... | protein synthesis...production of protein transporters and protein channels |
| aldosterone ^ | na reabsorption and ^ K+ secretion |
| release of aldosterone is stimulated by | angiotensin II |
| aldosterone basically gets cells to put more...into.. | na pumps..membranes on interstitial side for reabsorption |
| ANP is also called... | anh - hormone and anf - factor |
| anp is produced by the...the release is stimulated by...and it increases.... | cardiac atria...^ blood volume and atrial pressure...glomerular filtration rate |
| ANP increases glomerular filtration rate causes | vasodilation of afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole |
| anp inhibits | tubular reabsorption of Na and aldosterone secretion |
| ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II blockers are often used to...why? | control blood pressure...you can't get angiotensin II (no vasoconstriction) and no aldosterone (no na reabsorption to regulate volume) |
| what would a diet low in na do to blood levels of: renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, II, aldosterone | ^, activate/convert, ^ but not for long bec you convert it, ^, ^ secretion |
| what would a diet high in na do to blood levels of: renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, II, aldosterone? | dec, not converted, no conversion, dec, no secretion |
| the response of the atria is to an increase in... . How does increasing Na+ excretion via ANP reduce blood volume? | blood volume (& thus presure), ^ Na+ excretion (bec of ANP inhibiting its reabsorption) means less blood volume bec it isn't reabsorbed |
| h20 excreted = | h20 filtered - h20 reabsorbed |
| glomerular filtration of H20 can either...which means you can modify blood preassure of glomerular capillary | increase or decrease gfr |
| ^ PGC > ....dec PGC > | ^ GFR > ^ h20 excretion...dec GFR > dec h20 excretion |
| tubular reabsorption is...and the effect of Na+ movement is... | most important mechanism for h20 regulation in the plasma...h20 follows Na |
| factors that affect na reabsorption will also | affect h20 reabsorption |
| collecting ducts are a form of...include...which is produced in the... | tubular reabsorption...vasopressin...hypothalamus |
| vasopressin increases | h20 reabsorption - not na |
| modification of h20 filtration include | baroreceptors in the carotid, aortic, lg veins and atria |
| ^ plasma volume > ^ blood pressure > ^ baroreceptor firing > | dec symp output > vasodilation of afferent arteriole > ^ GFR |
| ^ gfr means you filter | more fluid out of the blood |
| dec plasma vol > dec blood pressure > dec firing > | ^ symp output > vasoconstriction of afferent arteroile > dec gfr |
| dec gfr means you | filter less fluid out of the lbood |
| ^ pressure > ^ baroreceptor firing > ^/dec in vasopressin? | dec vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary |
| dec vasopressin > | ^ h20 excretion (dec reab) |
| baroreceptor firing is ...to... | inhibitory..posterior pituitary |
| dec pressure > dec firing > | ^ vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary |
| ^ vasopressin secretion from post. pituitary > | dec h20 excretion (^ reab) |
| osmoreceptors are in the...and are | hypthalamus...sensory cells that detect osmolarity of plasma |
| osmoreceptors modify...w/o modifying... | h20...na |
| osmoreceptors detect changes in...so if you intake pure water > | osmolarity of fluids...dec osmolarity |
| dec plasma osmolarity (hypoosmotic) > | dec vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary > ^ h20 excretion (dec reab) |
| ^ plasma osmolarity (hyperoosmotic) > | ^ vasopressin secretion from posterior pituitary > dec h20 excretion (^ reab) |
| hormone control of h20 and h20 excretion is via | vasopressin |
| vasopressin is produced by the...and released from the.. | hypothalamus..post pit |
| vasopressin impacts...by increasing... | cortical and medullary collecting ducts...number of aquaporins > ^ h20 reabsorption |
| vasopressin release is stimulated by....and is inhbited by... | low blood pressure(baroreceptors)...low plasma osmolarity (hypothalamus osmoreceptors) |
| vasopressin is disrupted by...which is... | diabetes insipidus...water diuresis |
| water diuresis is a large volume of... | urine bec you filter a lot of water that you can't reabsorb |
| diabetes insipidus means there is a lack of | vasopressin effect |
| central diabetes insipidus > | no vasopressin production |
| nephrogenic diabetes insipids > | kidney vasopressin receptors are non-functional: no detection of vasopressin |
| how does altering na+ reabsorption or excretion alter water reabsorption or excretion? | water follows na |
| how is plasma osmolarity regulated | vasopressin |
| what would the body's response be to a plasma osmolarity greater than 300 mOsm?..less than 300? | secrete vasopressin...no vasopressin |
| what hormones would be involved in regulation of excretion if plasma volume is low...and if plasma osmolarity is high?... | vasopressin and aldosterone...vasopressin |
| what regions of a nephron and its associated collecting ducts would you expect to be affected by a diruetic drug? | medullary collecting ducts and descending limb |
| diruetic drugs increase...which blocks...and thus blocks... | urine production...insertion of aquaporins...h20 reabsorption |
| sweating means there is a loss of | hypoosmotic salt solution |
| while sweating you dec..and increase... | plasma volume...osmolarity |
| sweating triggers | reabsorbing na and h20 in kidney |
| thirst and salt appetite: stimulation of thirst by the...or by the... | baroreceptors (dec plasma vol > ^ thirst)...osmoreceptors (^ plasma osmolarity > ^ thisrt) |
| angiotensin II > | ^ thirst |
| other signals for thirst | dry mouth and gi tract monitoring |
| salt appetite: we like salt so we have an...appetie | hedonistic |
| we also crave salt because of a... | physiologic deficit (regulatory appetite) |
| K balance: amt excreted = | amt ingested - amt in feces - amt in sweat |
| the renal system removes (K) what is left after | defecation and sweating |
| amt of k excreted = | amt filtered -amt reabsorbed + amt secreted |
| tubular reabsorption of K happens in the...and is most or not much reabsorbed? | prox. tubuler and ascending loop of henle...most |
| tubular secretion is the...and happens in the... | major manipulatory aspect of K...cortical collecting duct |
| hyperkalemia is..and stimulates... | excess K...aldosterone |
| hypokalemia is | low k |
| modification of k secretion happens in the | cortical collecting duct |
| the cortical collecting duct does...via.. | active transport...na/k atpase pump |
| in the cortical collecting duct, K moves in...so that increases... | opposite direction of Na+...[k+] inside cell |
| other tubules lack | K channels in the luminal membrane |
| modification of K secretion involves | sensory mechanisms and activation |
| ^ K+ > ^ | basolateral membrane Na/K atpase pump activity > ^ K+ secretion |
| hormone control of K involves | aldosterone |
| aldosterone ^ | k which directly stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone |
| aldosterone also ^ | na+ reabsorption > ^K+ secretion |
Created by:
handrzej
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