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Sociology Ch. 7
Deviance and Crime
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs | Deviance |
| A behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fine, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions | Crime |
| A violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people | Juvenile Delinquency |
| Systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance | Social Control |
| The systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons | Criminology |
| The proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals | Strain Theory |
| Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels | Illegitimate Opportunity Structures |
| The proposition that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity | Differential Association Theory |
| The proposition that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions | Rational Choice Theory of Deviance |
| The proposition that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken | Social Bond Theory |
| The proposition that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly | Labeling Theory |
| The initial act of rule-breaking | Primary Deviance |
| The process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior | Secondary Deviance |
| Deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant | Tertiary Deviance |
| Actions - murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault - involving force or the threat of force against others | Violent Crime |
| Burglary (breaking into private property to commit a serious crime), motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft (theft of property worth $50 or more), and arson | Property Crimes |
| Crimes involving a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults | Victimless Crime |
| Illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs | Occupational (white-collar) Crimes |
| Illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support | Corporate Crime |
| A business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit | Organized Crime |
| Illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it | Political Crime |
| The calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons/property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective | Terrorism |
| The more than 55,000 local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals | Criminal Justice System |
| Any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed | Punishment |
| Based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions | Behavioral Deviance |
| A social condition in which people experience a sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent or conflicting | Anomie |
| Clarifies rules, unites a group, and promotes social change | 3 Important Functions of Universal Deviance according to Functionalists |
| Occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means | Conformity |
| Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion | 5 Ways People Adapt to Cultural Goals and Approved Ways of Reaching Them identified by Robert Merton |
| Devoted to theft, extortion, and other illegal means of securing an income | Criminal Gang |
| Emerge in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities; seek to acquire a "rep" by fighting over "turf" and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities | Conflict Gang |
| Women's deviance and crime are a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace | Liberal Feminist Approach |
| Views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy | Radical Feminist Approach |
| Based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy | Marxist (socialist) Feminist Approach |
| Suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes | Differential Reinforcement Theory |
| Include place of the crime, suitable targets, and the availability of people to deter the behavior | Situational Factors |
| Include what rewards they may gain from their criminal behavior | Personal Factors |
| Attachment to other people, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in the legitimacy of conventional values and norms | Social Bonding according to Travis Hirschi |
| A structure that gives prison officials the possibility of complete observation of criminals at all times | Panoptican |
| A minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail | Misdemeanor |
| A serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death | Felony |
| Involve an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by the participants, such as prostitution, illegal gambling, the private use of illegal drugs, and illegal pornography | Public Order Crimes |
| Italian organized crime and racketeering, Eurasian/Middle Eastern organized crime, and Asian and African criminal enterprises | Major Categories of Organized Crime Groups identified by the FBI |
| Refers to the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation | Discretion |
| The use of ethnic or racial background as a means of identifying criminal suspects | Racial Profiling |
| Punishment that a person receives for infringing on the rights of others | Retribution |
| Seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment in the general public | General Deterrence |
| Inflicts punishment on specific criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes | Specific Deterrence |
| Based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes | Incapacitation |
| Seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training | Rehabilitation |
| Retribution, general/specific deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation | Four Major Goals of Punishment |
| States that the criminal justice system should promote a peaceful and just society; system should focus on peacemaking rather than on punishing offenders | Restorative Justice Perspective |
| Include more and better education and jobs, affordable housing, more equality and less discrimination, and socially productive activities | Structural Solutions |
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