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3rd Unit
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fuctions of Endocrine System | Produce, store, and release hormones for metabolism, reproduction, growth, and development |
| Pituitary gland | pea size gland located at the base of the brain; consists of 2 lobes (anterior and posterior); the hypothalamus controls release of hormones from this gland |
| Hormones released by pituitary gland- anterior lobe | - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Growth hormone (GH) - Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Prolactin - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | regulates the ovaries and testicles; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males |
| growth hormone (GH) | regulates body growth |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | stimuates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males |
| prolactin | stimulates milk production |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates the thyroid gland |
| Hormones released by pituitary gland- posterior lobe | - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Oxytocin |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | stimulates water absorption by the kidneys |
| Oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions |
| Thyroid Gland | Gland with two lobes, located below the larynx; it is the largest endocrine gland |
| Hormones Released by thyroid gland | Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - both regulates metabolism |
| Parathyroid glands | four small glands located behind the thyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | released by parathyroid gland. Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones |
| Islets of Langerhans | Endocrine cells inside the pancreas |
| Insulin | released by islets of Langerhans. Regulates blood glucose levels |
| Thymus gland | gland located in the mediastinum |
| Thymosin | Released by thymus gland. Regulates immune response |
| Adrenal glands | pairs of glands located on top of the kidneys; each gland consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla |
| Adrenal cortex | outer portion of the adrenal gland |
| Aldosterone | Released by adrenal cortex. Regulates electrolyte levels |
| Cortisol | Released by adrenal cortex. Aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress |
| Adrenal medulla | inner portion of the gland |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | Released by adrenal medulla. Aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration |
| Ovaries | female reproductive glands attached to the uterus |
| Estrogen and progesterone | Released by the ovaries. Affect the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle and pregnancy |
| Testes | male reproductive glands located in teh scrotum |
| Testosterone | released by the testes. Affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics |
| acr/o | extremity, top |
| aden/o | gland |
| adren/o , adrenal/o | adrenal glands |
| calc/i | calcium |
| cortic/o | cortex |
| crin/o | to secrete |
| dips/o | thrist |
| endocrin/o | endocrine |
| gluc/o , glucos/o , glyc/o , glycos/o | glucose, sugar |
| hormon/o | hormone |
| kal/i | potassium |
| natr/i | sodium |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| thyr/o , thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -oid | resembling |
| -penia | deficiency |
| eu- | good, normal |
| hyper- | above, excessive |
| hypo- | below, deficient |
| poly- | many, much |
| euthyroid | normal thyroid |
| endogenous | produced inside the body |
| exogenous | produced outside of the body |
| metabolism | all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissue |
| Abnormal conditions of the thyroid gland | - Hyper or Hypo - Goiter - Nodule |
| Abnormal conditions of the adrenal cortex | cushing |
| Abnormal conditions of the adrenal medulla | phenochromocytoma |
| Abnormal conditions of the pancreas | - Hypoglycemia - DM : Type 1-IDDM / Type 2-NIDDM |
| Abnormal condition of the pituitary gland | acromegaly |
| adenitis | inflammation of a gland |
| adenomegaly | enlargement of a gland |
| endocrinopathy | disease of an endocrine gland |
| acromegaly | enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive production of growth hormone |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and ecessive thirst |
| gigantism | condition of excessive body growth caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| thyromegaly | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| hyperthyroidism | excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Graves disease | condition of excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone causing goiter and exophthalmos |
| thyrotoxicosis | condition of excessive high levels of thyroid hormone |
| Hashimoto thyroiditis, Hashimoto disease | autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroidis |
| hypothyroidism | deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland |
| myxedema | severe hypothyroidism in an adult characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness |
| Addison disease | disease caused by deficiency of cortisol production by the adrenal glands |
| adrenopathy | disease of the adrenal gland |
| Cushing syndrome | disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance |
| Type I diabetes mellitus | diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production |
| Type II diabetes mellitus | diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | excessive ketones in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death (when no insulin to break glucose for energy, will begin to break fats, leading to byproduct ketone) |
| Blood glucose, blood sugar | test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood |
| fasting blood glucose (FBG) | blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours |
| glucometer | device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a fingerstick |
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body's ability to metabolize glucose |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HgAlC) | blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled |
| thyroid function tests | blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy |
| thyroxine level | blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism |
| radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) | test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid |
| thyroid scan | scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive substance, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland |
| adenectomy | excision of a gland |
| adrenalectomy | excision of an adrenal gland |
| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas |
| thyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid gland |
| thyroidotomy | incision into a thyroid gland |
| thyroparathyroidectomy | excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands |
| antidiabetic | used to treat diabetes mellitus |
| antithyroid | used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone |
| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, insulin pump (CSII) | used to treat diabetes mellitus with insulin via pump |
| insulin therapy | used to treat diabetes mellitus |
| hormone replacement therapy | used to replace a hormone normally produced by the body |
| endocrinology | medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system |
| endocrinologist | physician who specializes in endocrinology |
Created by:
Elaine3w
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