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nonwestern music

china

Question	Answer
What is the language of the People's Republic of China?	Mandarin Chinese
What is the population of China?	over 1 billion people, world's most populous country
What is the largest ethnic group, accounting for 94%?	Han
4 Elements of Traditional Chinese Music	1. Monophonic, heterophonic textures 2. Importance of ornamentation 3. Timbre as a compositional element 4. Variation Form
Monophonic, Heterophonic textures	most art music written for a single instrument; when more than one instrument, heterophony used to enrich the texture
Importance of ornamentation	highly developed for each specific instrument; performers must be familiar with ornaments specific to their instruments
Timbre as compositional element	variations in timbre are just as important as ornamentation in adding character to the melody (ex: changes in singing style, varying performance technique when playing an instrument
Variation form	many pieces are based on a series of elaborate variations of a basic melody
What is the official supported religion by the People's Republic of China?	Atheism
What else influenced religion in music in China?	three historical religions/philosophies of china influenced the culture and music of China nethertheless: Daoism, Confucianism, Buddhism
Daoism	first major religion in china, mystical and inward-looking philosophy overlaid w/ a variety of rituals. Emphasis on simplicity and connection to natural world.
Music w/ Daoism	music used during some rituals, but music for entertainment's sake is frowned upon
Confucianism	ideological system created by (Kong Fuzi/Confucius)(551-479). Establishing strict norms of moral behavior, social classes, theories of gov. and ritual traditions. associated w/ intellectual class.
Music w/ Confucianism	music had important place in ritual and in the personal expression of ideals of goodness and property. Metaphysical/cosmological layer later added to Confucian thought influence music
Metaphysical/cosmological layer later added to Confucian thought influence music	each of the 12 pitches in chinese tuning system associated w/ 12 months of the year or 12 days/night hours. Five pitches of the pentatonic modes related to 5 metals, 5 planets,etc. Intimate knowledge helps composers craft music to heal inspire enrage
Since Confucius' time, a clear demarcation has existed between:	yayue and suyue
yayue	refined and elegant art music of the court and rituals
suyue	secular entertainment or folk music
Buddism	entered china through trade w/ south & central asia in the 1st century c.e. Brought new philosophies, metaphysics, rituals, instruments, and music. Emphasizes contemplation and inner knowledge.
Music in Buddism	Belief that playing a solo instrument is akin to mediation. an audience's presence is unimportant; the relationship between the performer and the south of the instrument is what is important
Recent Developments in China	with communist rule, religions were heavily oppressed. Recently the gov. has become more tolerant of religion and religious practices.
Purpose of traditional music theory in china	to find music's philosophical basis and to understand its relationship to the cosmos
Derivation of pentatonic modes	tuning system developed through the natural occurrences of 3:2 pitch rations; then divided the octaves into 12 pitches: much like how our Western tuning system was created
lu	the name for each of the 12 pitches in their 12 tone scale
Chinese theorist derived what scale from these 12 pitches, similar to western scales?	heptatoic (7 notes)
Most traditional chinese music is?	pentatonic (5), however it uses only 5 of the 7 notes from the scale
Bianyin	changing tones: the two extra notes (not of the core five) are sometimes used as auxillary tones
Anhemitonic	no half-steps/semi-tones; none in the Chinese pentatonic mode/scales
diao	five possible anhemitonic pentatonic modes used in Chinese music: Gongdiao, Shiangdiao, Juediao, Zidiao, Yudiao
Gongdiao	1 2 3 - 5 6 -
Shiangdiao	1 2 - 4 5 - 7
Juediao	1 - 3 4 - 6 7
Zidiao	1 2 - 3 4 5 6 -
Yudiao	1 - 3 4 5 - 7
Tonic pitch affects	the symbolism of a piece as well as its relationship to the other pitches
Cardinal Points: Gong	Center
Cardinal Points:Shang	West
Cardinal Points: Jue	East
Cardinal Points: Zi	South
Cardinal Points: Yu	North
Political Structures: Gong	King
Political Structures: Shang	Minister
Political Structures: Jue	People
Political Structures: Zi	National affiars
Political Structures: Yu	Natural World
Virtues: Gong	Faith
Virtues: Shang	Righteousness
Virtues: Jue	Benevolence
Virtues: Zi	Respect
Virtues: Yu	Knowledge
Colors: Gong	Yellow
Colors: Shang	White
Colors: Jue	Blue
Colors: Zi	Red
Colors: Yu	Black
Elements: Gong	Earth
Elements: Gong	Earth
Elements: Shang	Metal
Elements: Jue	Wood
Elements: Zi	Fire
Elements: Yu	Water
Heavenly Bodies: Gong	Constellations
Heavenly Bodies: Shang	Earth
Heavenly Bodies: Jue	Stars
Heavenly Bodies: Zi	Sun
Heavenly Bodies: Yu	Moon
Planets: Gong	Saturn
Planets: Shang	Venus
Planets: Jue	Jupiter
Planets: Zi	Mars
Planets: Yu	Mercury
Flavors: Gong	Sweet
Flavors: Shang	Pungent
Flavors: Jue	Sour
Flavors: Zi	Bitter
Flavors: Yu	Salty
Emotions: Gong	Desires
Emotions: Shang	Melancholy
Emotions: Jue	Anger
Emotions: Zi	Joy
Emotions: Yu	Fear
Sounds: Gong	Song
Sounds: Shang	Weeping
Sounds: Jue	Shouting
Sounds: Zi	Laughter
Sounds: Yu	Mourning
Guqin	ancient chinese zither w/ 7 strings, no frets, curved board. most revered instrument in china. played by scholars/ confucian literati over centuries. contemplative attitude required of the performer during the performance
Features of Guqin	performances are usually for solo guqin, represented the priciple of music as mediation, music always peaceful, serene and balanced, meter is relatively free and slow, pieces being w/ free introductions followed by variations based on a traditional melody
Playing Technique of Guqin	usually set on a low table and plucked, required refined, sophisticated and cultivated performers to play this instrument, over a hundred ways to play a single pitch, pitches can be bent up or down, notes can be open, stopped or produced as harmonics
How many types of vibrato are possible on the Guqin?	33 types
Notation of the Guqin	tablature system of notation developed for the guqin, specifies the exact manipulation needed to play pitches of a piece
Associations of the Guqin: Buddhism	tones of guqin described as "the sound of emptiness"- reflecting the Buddhist goal of freeing one's mind
Associations of the Guqin: Daoism	instrument associated with nature and serenity
Associations of the Guqin: Confucianism	social class of literati cultivate the ideals of balance, harmony, and moderation
Chordophones: Zheng	curved board zither w/ approx. 21 metal/nylon strings: strings supported by intermediate bridges that can be moved to change tuning of the strings to the desired mode: plectra (picks): taped to 3 fingers of the RH for playing, w/ popular romantic songs
Chordophones: Pipa	pear-shaped, fretted lute, held upright: four nylon strings used to be made of silk: frets above fingerboard so both fixed and bent pitches can be played: RH strums the strings. Associated w/ storytelling/banquet music.
Programmatic Works are especially associated w/ the Pipa:	many sound effects can be utilized (ex: hitting the body of the instrument etc.)
Chordophones: hu/huqin	generic name for traditional bowed lutes: large hu instruments were invented to function like the Western string family instruments
Erhu	two-string bowed spike fiddle w/ resonator (cylindrical/hexagonical) covered w/ animal skin: cylindrical neck, NO fingerboard, BOW IS THREADED BTW THE 2 STRINGS, must bow up/down to hit each string
Chordophones: Yangqin	trapezoidal hammered box zither: played w. two light, bamboo hammers, soft instument used for slo pieces or to accompany songs
Chordophones: Jinghu	fiddle pitch an octave higher: lead instrument in Beiging opera
Chordophones: Sanxian	long 3 stringed (can be tuned) fretless lute w/ shallow resonator covered in snake skin
Chordophones: Ruan	four-string fretted lute w/ a large curcular resonators, longer neck than yuegin
Chordophones: Yuequin	plucked, 4 stringed fretted lute, known as the "moon lute"; has a large round resonator that is covered w/ a thin piece of wood; earliest version of this instrument called RUAN: beigin opera orchestra (jinxi) usually includes both of these 2 instruments
Areophones: Paixiao	set of bamboo pipes arranged to look like the wings of the phoenix bird: one end of the pipes is stopped so the player blows on the other end to produce the sound
Areophones: Xiao	bamboo notch vertical flute with six fingerholes: come in different sizes: used as a solo instrument or in chamber ensembles
Areophones: Dizi	common type of Chinese transverse flute w/ a bright, reedy tone: higher range than the xiao
Areophones: Xun	globular flute made of clay
Areophones: Double reed instruments: Guan	short cylindrical double-reed instrument used in indoor ensembles
Areophones: Double reed instruments: Souna/Laba	Double reed, concial bore w/ a trumpet-like bell flare: used in outdoor processions/festivals
Areophones: Sheng	Multiple pipe reed instrument
Idiophones: Luo	gongs, used in folk groups and opera: no definite pitch
Idiophones: Yunluo	a collection of dish-shaped gongs on a stand: often used in opera
Idiophones: Bianzhong	16 or more bronze bells collected into a set
Idiophones: qing	L-shaped stone chimes w/ dry sounds, played by tapping w/ hammers
Idiophones: Bianqing	set of qing, associated w/ imperial courts/ confucianist rituals
Idiophones: ban	set of small wooden slats tied together on a string: sometimes used to accompany poems
Membranophones	drums not often used in modern chinese classical music, but ised in ancient times
Membranophones: Dagu	a large barrel shaped drums w/ riveted heads: set on a stand horizontally in front of a player who used two sticks to play it: commonly used in folk, religious, and some instances of court music
Membranophones: Xiaogu	small horizontal drum on a stand, played by the same person who plays the ban
scales	a strong theoretical preference for the pentatonic scale is observed in practice: the seven note diatonic scales and the 12 notes chromatic scales are also encountered
melody	melodies tend to be highly ornamented with idiomatic inflections within a heterophonic texture
harmony	while "harmoniousness" is praised and leads to the preference for the pentatonic scale, there is no system of harmony in the European sense prior to the 20th century influences
register	there is a strong preference for the high register: even if instruments have notes in a low range, these are rarely used
rhythm	tempos range from slow to fast and are somewhat flexible, meter and subdivision is almost always duple, the sense of somewhat loose rhythmic coordination is heard in the preferred texture, heterophony
form	melodic variations most common
texture	a strong preference for heterophony
timbre	bright timbre is the preferred instumental timbre: in singing, a higher register is favored and singing is often thin and nasal, piercing or shill
naming of pieces	most titles make a reference to nature of refer to a story or an emotion
philosophy	proper tituals and behaviors (confucius) and harmony with the natural order (taoism) lead to a beneficial social order
participation	was traditionally held that women and foreigners could not appreciate qin music: at times the communist party has controlled who could play and what they could play
Confucian attitudes: rulers and their administrators	earn their right to rule through the mandate of heaven and ny displaying four virtues: balanced, upright, benevolent, harmonious (some sources give 5 virtues: kindness, uprightness, decorum, wisdom, faithfulness)
Confucian attitudes: positive music	attributes of harmoniousness, peacefulness, appropriateness, is an important educational tool capable of inspiring virtue and appropriate attitudes.
Confucian attitudes: negative music	attributes of inappropriate loudness (like thunder and lightening) and wanton noisiness, stimulates excessive and licentious behavior
Confucian attitudes: social stratification	was a fact of life to be sustained by morality, not force
Confucian attitudes: proper inner attitudes	could be instilled through the practice of rituals which, to be effective, must have proper ritual music: rules of etiquette and decorum also important
Confucian attitudes: Music is for	chanting of poetry, worshiping of ancestors, worshiping heaven and earth, royal banquets, rural feasts, archery contests, battle.
Confucian attitudes: Musical art	necessary part of the education of gentlemen, for he has to participate properly in all of the above functions
What was said in the Book of Rites in the 6th century BCE	"...we must discriminate sounds in order to know the airs: the airs in order to know the music: and the music in order to know (the character of) the government. Having attained to this, we are fully provided with the methods of good order."
Instrumental of Folk Ensembles	lougu, guchui, suona
luogu	gong-and-drum ensembles common in rural areas: ensembles usually accompany processions or provide music for ceremonies: Instruments: dagu(riveted-head barrel drum), luo(gong), bo(small cymbals)
guchui	a luogu ensemble plus two suona(double reeds), usually plays improvised versions of familiar tunes
suona	double reed instrument: carries the melody and dominates the texture
Sizhu	selk and bamboo ensembles (instruments made of silk/bamboo): music played in tea houses & peoples homes. based on a sequences of variations of a core tune: heterophonic texture: sometimes the time between core tunes=lengthened and more elaborations allow
Where did the tradition of the Sizhu come from?	upper intellectual class but the music is for amateurs to play for everyday entertainment
Instruments of Sizhu	dizi, sancian, erhu and sometimes xiao, sheng, yuequin, or yangquin. Usually adds a soft drum or ban (clappers, like castenet) to keep the beat
Reform Music: What influence in the late 19th century brought western harmonies and modes to china?	European
Song for the Masses	after the fall of the empire (1911) chinese reformers wrote "songs for the masses" using western harmonies and soviet models, rejecting the old confucian values
Socialist Realism	art should serve the state: after the communist took over in 1949, the chinese government adopted a policy of social realism. Government supported traditional folk music but religious music was repressed
Chinese orchestras	created and modeled on western orchestras, but using chinese instruments. 12 tone equal temperament employed and instruemtns were standardized
Cultural Revolution 1966-1976	conservatories were closed, musical institutions disbanded, composers/performers were sent to rural re-education centers
artistic expression	after 1980, it became more accepted, but state sponsorship and conservaties were reduced
chinese dramatic music: narrative song and folk dramas	epic storytelling brough tto china by central asians in 10th c. AD
guqu	drum song, a short narrative song type. singers accompany themselves with a clappe or dagu drum. ensembles may also accompany the singer or play interludes. pieces last about 15-20 mins, may be performed with other songs or dramas
chinese folk dramas	unscripted dialogue based on the performer's intimate knowledge of the story: music consists of adaptations of well-known folk songs
regional opera	consists of spoken dialogue, mime, acrobatics, singing. Stating is not elaborate/realistic. actors learn standardized movements/expressions for certain character types(ex: oldmen, military heros).
In regional Opera, stories of heroism/romance derive from:	medieval novels and traditional tales
Regional Opera: sophisticated genres are	regionalized, with each form sharing general concepts, but diverging in dialects and conventions
kunqu	one of the oldest regional operas: considered a classical drama known for its ornate sophistication
Jingxi	Bejing Opera, most popular regional opera style, been going on for centuries
Early Bejing Opera	the jingzi state was a large, bare wood platform. small music ensembles sat on the side of the stage. Opera troupes were all male , performance consisted of # of unconnected episodes from other operas,
Audiences of Bejing operas were noisy and often only concerted with:	nuanced movements, speech, and singing of actors
Since opera troupes were all males, what did they do to fulfill the female roles	used high falsetto when singing female roles
Post WW2 Opera	women became performers, staging becomes more realistic
Cultural Revolution Period (1966-1976)	Mao's wife led a movement to adapt opera to socialist realism. During the cultural revolution all opera companies were shut down. Model dramas commissioned by the government were the only dramas allowed
Post Cultural Revolution	Jingxi returned after Mao's death, but was not as popular. New elaborate staging and stories have been incorporated into operas. Beging has four opera companies.
Jingxi: structure	divided into dialogies, songs, dances, pantomimes, and musical interludes
Jingxi: BAN	about 10 rhythmic types. Classify songs by meter, tempo, rhythmic density (notes/beats) and poetic meter
Jingxi: Ban - MANBAN	slow beat, characteristic of expressive and introspective melismatic sections
Jingxi: Ban -LIUSHUIBAN	flowing water beat, fast tempo used for exciting scenes, little vocal ornamentation
Jingxi:Use of modes	2 types: xipi and erhuang
Jingxi: Xipi	considered a bright or happy mode
Jingxi: Erhuang	considered a serious and contemplative mode
Jingxi: Instumentation	varies according to the opera/group
Jingxi: possible instruments used	Jinghu (high fiddle: most prominent instrument heterophonically accompanies the voice), erhu (low fiddle), yuegin (moon lute), ban (wooden clappers), xiaogu(small drum), luo(gongs), and naobo(cymbals)
who plays the ban and xiagu	the conductors: he starts the group, establishes the tempos, and gives cues
Jinghu	provides heterophonic accompaniment to the voice
What is the usage of percussion, gongs, and suona in Jingxu Opera?	percussion: used for sound effects, gongs used during battle scences, suona/other instruments added for special occasions.
Jingxi Performance: The Drunken Concubine	in the erhuang mode, the first series of songs express a tone of confidence, which reflects the concubines pride. the text of the first series of songs is delivered in couplets, which is also reflected in music. dialogue is delivered in a stylized manner
In The Druken Concubine, how do the conductor signal new tempos?	striking the xiaogu drum and new sections with the ban clappers
Cui Jian	labeled as father of chinese rock: singer/songwriter/guitarist/trumpeter: one of the first chinese artist to write rock songs
Whendid Cui Jians popular reach an apex?	during the Tienanmen Square protests of 1989, was banned from playing in venues until 2005.
A piece of Red Cloth	cui jian gained notority for appearing on stage wearing a red blindfold accross his eyes before performing his well-lnown political anthem, protest against the communist party's control of the people
Tongusu	with the new opening of china to forgein trade and influences in 1978, Taiwanese romantic ballads, became greatly popular in the mainland
Many Chinese popular music groups have tried to distinguish their music from that of Western popular music and to impart distinctiveness and authenticity through:	use of pentatonic melodies (althought still accompanied by Western diatonic harmonies) and occasionally traditional Chinese instruments.

Created by: breanaranna123

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