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Human A&P ch 6,8,9
over those three chapter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are two physiological signals? | Electrical and chemical |
| What does the electrical signal do? | Changes in the membrane potential of a cell |
| what does the chemical signal do? | it is secreted by cells into ECF and responsible for most communication between cells |
| What responds to signals? | target cells or targets |
| What does CAM stand for? | Cell Adhesion Molecules |
| What do contact dependent signals do? | require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells. |
| what do autocrine signals act on? | act on the same cell that secreted them. |
| what do paracrine signals do? | are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells. |
| what do hormones do? | are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone respond to the signal. |
| The nervous system uses a combination of chemical and electrical signals for what? | long distance cell-to-cell communication |
| Neurocrines are chemical signals secreted by what? | neurons |
| what are the three neurocrines? | neurotransmitters,neuromodulators and neurohormones |
| What are neurotransmitters? | are chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell. |
| What are neurohoromones? | are chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets. |
| Cytokins act as what? | as both local and long-distance signals |
| All nucleated cells synthesize and secrete what in response to what? | cytokines in response to stimuli (this was controversial for some time |
| In development and differentiation, cytokines usually function as what? | autocrine or paracrine signals |
| In stress and inflammation, some cytokines may act on? | relatively distant targets |
| what kind of signal would this be? | Electrical signal |
| signal molecule binds to what? | membrane receptor protein |
| membrane receptor protein activates what? | intracellular signal molecules |
| intracellular signal molecules alter what? | target proteins |
| target proteins create what? | response |
| What dose all this communication start cells with in order to elict response? | signaling pathways |
| what are the four Cannon's postulates control systems? | 1. nervous regulation of internal environment 2. tonic control 3.antagonistic control 4.One chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues |
| What does tonic control regulate? | physiological parameters in an up-down fashion. The signal is always present but changes in intensity. |
| Reflex steps in order? | 1. stimulus 2.sensor 3.imput signal 4.integrating center 5.output signal 6.target 7.response 8. feedback loop |
| imput signal is | afferent signal |
| output signal is | efferent signal |
| what is the endocrine pathway? | Sensor |
| what are the three sensors of neural,neuroendocrine, and endocrine? | 1.special and somatic sensory receptors 2.special and somatic sensory receptors 3.endocrine cells |
| what are the three input signals of neural,neuroendocrine, and endocrine? | 1.sensory neuron 2.sensory neuron 3.none |
| what are the integrating centers of neural,neuroendocrine, and endocrine? | 1.brain or spinal cord 2.brain or spinal cord 3.endocrine cells |
| what are the output signals of neural,neuroendocrine, and endocrine? | 1.Efferent neuron (electrical signal and neurotransmitter) 2.Efferent neuron (electrical signal and neurotransmitter) 3.horomone |
| what are the targets of neural,neuroendocrine, and endocrine? | 1.muscle and glands, some adipose 2.most cells of the body 3.most cells of the body |
| what are the response of neural, neuroendocrine,and endocrine? | 1.contraction and secretion primarily;may have some metobolic effects. 2.change in enzymatic reactions,membrane transport or cell proteins 3.change in enzymatic reactions,membrane transport or cell proteins |
| What comes to mind when you think Nervous System? Form? Function? Emergent Properties? | 1.CNS (central nervous system),receptors, neurotransmitters, neurons, dendrites 2.made up of the communication of cells 3. communicate with the rest of the tissue and body and muscles and bones. relays signals simply. 4. |
| what is a neuron? | is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. |
| where do u find the neurons? | In the cell |
| What forms of communication do neurons integrate? | |
| What branches of the nervous system do you know; how would you classify it? | |
| What are the major structures of the CNS? | Brain, spinal chord |
| Afferent | input signal |
| efferent | output signal |
| What does visceral mean? | internal organs |
| what is the soma? | is the central part of a neuron |
| Neurons are classified by what? | structure (shape) and function. |
| How materials get to the synaptic terminals? | slow axonal transport and fast axonal transport |
| slow axonal transport | Moves material by axoplasmic (cytoplasmic) flow at 0.2–2.5 mm/day |
| Fast axonal transport | 1)Moves organelles at rates of up to 400 mm/day 2)Forward (or anterograde) transport: from cell body to axon terminal 3)Backward (or retrograde) transport: from axon terminal to cell body |
| How are neurons classified? | function and strucuture |
| Gray Matter | 1)Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies 2)Dendrites 3)Axon Terminals |
| White Matter | 1)Myelinated axons 2)Contains very few neuron cell bodies |
Created by:
megan_mason511
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