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Physio Ch. 12 F
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| components of blood | formed elements and plasma |
| how much blood does the average person have? how much of that is formed elements and how much is plasma? | 5.5 L, 2.5 L, 3.0 L |
| formed elements include | erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets |
| plasma contains | water primarily, gasses, ions and plasma proteins |
| plasma constitutes...of.. | 1/5...extracellular fluid |
| plasma is made of...which are.. | plasma proteins...solutes that are too big to move into and out of capillaries |
| plasma proteins establish...and fit into what categories... | osmotic pressure in blood...albumins and globulins |
| non-functional plasma proteins are called | fibrinogens |
| fibrinogen floats around...and is in charge of... | waiting to be activated to fibrin...hemostasis |
| plasma also contains...which is... | serum..plasma minus clotting proteins |
| types of blood cells | erythrocytes (red), leukocytes (white), megakaryocytes |
| leukocytes divide into either | granulocytes or agranulocytes |
| megakaryocytes give rise to | platelets |
| numbers of blood cells: mm3 = | microL |
| # of RBCs...# of WBCs...# of platelets... | 5 million/microL...5-10000/microL...250-350000/microL |
| hematopoiesis is the | formation of blood cells |
| what type of cell does hematopoiesis | pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells |
| pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells divide into...then... | lympoid to lymphocyte or into myeloid which goes into all other types of blood cells |
| pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells can be either | erythrocytes, leukocytes or megakaryocytes |
| erythrocytes form in the...and have what shape | red bone marrow...biconcave disc (high surface area to volume ratio) |
| blood type for erythrocytes is based on | surface polysaccharides and proteins |
| function of erythrocytes | hemoglobin |
| diagnostics for erythrocytes | RBC count, hematocrit and anemia |
| hematocrit is | The ratio of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. |
| formation of erythrocytes occurs in the...which is... | red bone marrow...trabecular bone/spongy ends of long bones and flat bones |
| erythropoiesis is the production of...and is stimulated by... | red blod cells...hematopoietic growth factor called erythropoietin(similar to a hormone) |
| erythropoietin increases in response to...and there is more in males because of... | decrease o2 delivery to the kidneys...testosterone levels |
| the kidneys produce | erythrocytes and regulate levels |
| procrit is given to...and is... | chemo patients...epoetin alpha |
| erythrocytes leave the bone marrow as...which... | reticulocytes...no nucleus |
| reticulocytes' cell membrane is filled with | hemoglobin to transport oxygen |
| reticulocytes sometimes | leave the marrow before they're fully mature (1/100 RBCS) |
| lifespan of RBC =...and there is.. | 120 days...destruction of old cells |
| how many old rbcs are destroyed per day | 250 billion |
| the biconcave disc shape of...provides... | RBCs...high surface area to volume ratio and large exchange surface for diffusion |
| major blood types | A, B, AB, O, A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- |
| +/- refers to | RH factor |
| surface polysaccharides and proteins are the | antigens or agglutinogens (A, B, D = Rh factor) |
| blood type O means | there are no surface antigens |
| if you have the antigen.. | you will not produce the antibody |
| circulating antibodies are called...and are... | agglutinin..a, b, d |
| for blood type AB you have which antibodies | none |
| agglutination happens when | antibody attaches to antigen |
| major agglutination is when...which then activates the... | a recipient is given the wrong antigen...immune system to produce antibodies |
| what would happen if you gave a person with type A+ blood a transfusion of B+ blood? | type A+ recip. has antigen A and D, and has antibody b. the donor type B+ has B and D antigen and a antibody, so major agglutination would occur because you're giving B antigen to b antibodies. (Minor agglut. would occur also-why?) |
| minor agglutination is when the | donor blood antibodies react with recipient blood antigens |
| what would happen if you gave a person with type A+ blood a transfusion of A- blood | type A+ recip has antigen A and D, antibody b, type A- donor has antigen A and antibodies b and d |
| antibodies can | attach to mutltiple antigens and form complexes |
| only whole blood that is...will not cause... | the exact same...minor or major agglutination |
| minor blood types are...and there are..minor blood types and...antigens known besides A and B | subgroups of amajor blood type...> 200...> 600 |
| plasma/serum causes | minor agglutination only |
| what blood type could serve as a universal donor for packed erythrocytes with no risk of minor/major agglut? what blood type could serve as universal donor for plasma/serum transfusions with no risk of minor/major agglut? | o- and AB+ |
| erythrocytes function to | transport o2, co2 and hydrogen |
| what transports oxygen | hemoglobin(Hb) |
| globin is a...which means...and is the...of hemoglobin | quarternary protein...more than 1 polypeptide chain...protein part |
| globin has | 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains |
| each chain of globin holds | one heme group |
| heme is... which holds... | iron...one o2 |
| each hemoglobin carries | 4 molecules of o2 |
| heme is stored in..as..and accoutns for how much of total body iron | liver..ferritin ...25% |
| heme is also stored and transported in...as... | blood...transferrin (recycled iron) |
| amounts of hemoglobin in females...in males... | is 14 +/- 2 g/dL...16 +/- g/dL |
| standard amount of hemoglobin is | 15 g/dL |
| at birth how much hemoglobin do you have and why | 24 g/dL because your better able to pick up o2 with different forms of hemoglobin |
| oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin | 1.34 mL oxygen/g Hb |
| 1.34 mL oxygen/g Hb *...=... | 15 g Hb/dL whole blood...20.1 ml oxygen/dL whole blood |
| rbc are counted with a...and for females there are...and males there are.. | hemocytometer...4.8 +/- .6 million per mm3 whole blood...5.4 +/- .8 million per mm3 whole blood (more bec of testosterone) |
| conditions resulting from RBC count include | erythrocytopenia (low levels of RBCs) and polycythemia (high levels of RBCs) |
| polycythemia can either be | relative or vera erythemia or 2ndary polycythemia |
| relative polycythemia means...because of... | RBC count but normal RBC total mass...dehydration |
| very erythemia is..but no.. | high RBC count...hypoxia(lack of o2) |
| 2ndary polycythemia is...because of... | high RBC..arterial hypoxia (low oxygen levels) |
| 2ndary polycythemia occurs because of | high altitudes after a period of time or pregnancy |
| hematocrit is...and its composition is | rbc vs blood volume...plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) and packed RBCs) |
| numbers of hematocrit in females...and males... | 42% +/- 5%...47% +/- 5% |
| anemia is generally the | ability to carry oxygen |
| anemia: oxygen carry capacity < | 13.5 mL o2/dL whole blood |
| iron deficiiency anemia is | a cause of anemia where you have low levels of iron |
| pernicious anemia means you lack...to make... | intrinsic factor and B12...hemoglobin |
| intrinsic factor marks | B12 for absorption |
| erythrocytopenia means... because of a lack of... | low RBC count...folic acid and B12 (loss of blood) |
| hemorrhagic anemia | excessive bleeding |
| hemolytic anemia | RBC rupture |
| two types of genetic anemia's that affect production of hemoglobin are... | thalassemia and sickle cell anemia |
| aplastic anemia is the result of | faulty marrow |
| leukocytes are not | conformed to blood but can go to tissues also |
| leukocytes are formed in...appear as either...function is...diagnostics are.. | red bone marrow...granulocytes or agrans...immunity...WBC count |
| leukocytes are formed in...which is found in... | red bone marrow..trabecular bone |
| leukocytes undergo ...which involves... | hematopoiesis...hematopoietic growth factors like neulasta, myeloid and lymphoid stem cells |
| life span of leukocytes | varies |
| appearance of leukocytes depends on | cytoplasmic granules (granulocyte or agran) and nuclear shape (polymorphonuclear - neurtophils, eosinophils and basophils which are also all grans) |
| leukocytes include | neutrohpils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes |
| neutrophils are...and perform | first ones on the site...diapedesis(squeeze out of capillaries) and phagocytosis |
| eosinohils are like the...and they do.. | clean up crew..detox and antigen-antibody complex destruction |
| basophils are the...because they cause... | bad boys...allergies |
| basophils are loaded with | grains so you can't really see the nucleus |
| basophils are very similar to...and release... | mast cells in tissues...heparin(blood thinner) and histamine (inactivate inflammatory response) |
| monocytes have a...shaped nuclue and are...so they can do... | kidney bean...BIG...phagocytosis |
| lymphocytes are the... have the..and produce | odd man out...most round nucleus..antibodies |
| wbc count is done by a...and the total(combined) wbc count is... | hemocytometer...5-10,000 cells/mm3 whole blood |
| leukocytopenia is...and leukocytosis is... | low WBC count when you're sick...high WBC count when you're sick |
| differential count for leukocytosis | neutrophilia, basophila, eosinophilia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis |
| leukemia is when...and how many cells/microL whole blood | WBC count is really high and stays high... > 50,000 |
| differential WBC count determines...and what is the order of most to least | individual types...NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS(neutrophils 50-70%, lymphocytes 20, monocytes 2-8, eosinophils 3-5, basophils < 1) |
| hemostasis is defined as the process for | maintaining blood homeostasis (stopping blood loss) |
| components of hemostasis | platelets and clotting factors |
| platelets are also called...and are.. | thrombocytes...membrane sacs with enzymes |
| platelets originate in... | red bone marrow of trabecular bone |
| platelets undergo..with what growth factor | hematopoiesis of megakaryocyte...thrombopoietin |
| platelets function is to | assist in clot formation, form platelet plug and do vasoconstriction (reduce diameter of blood vessels) |
| clotting factors are...and create the...and are not equal to... | plasma proteins..clotting framework..plasma plugs |
| process of hemostasis | vasoconstriction, platelet plug, blood coagulation |
| vasoconstriction benefit | reduce blood flow = less lost |
| platelet plug benefit | plug hole similar to placing finger on it |
| blood coag benefit | longer term like a natural bandaid |
| platelets adhere to...which is a... | collagen...stimulus |
| when platelets bind to collagen you see the...where.. | vonwillebrand factor...plasma proteins bind to collagen and platelets to get activated |
| platelet activation leads to | chemical production of serotonin, ADP and thromboxane 2 |
| chemical production for platelet adhesion causes... | contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow (vasoconstriction) |
| after contraction of smooth muscle...so that | fibrinogen receptors are activated...fibrinogen can bind to platelets |
| after fibrinogen receptors are activated...which creates... | thromboxane 2 is produced..positive feedback (platelet aggregation) |
| thromboxane 2 also results in... | additional vasoconstriction |
| aspirin blocks | platelet thromboxane production so you give it during a heart attack |
| platelet plug is...meaning.. | platelet aggregation..they stick together |
| platele plug occurs when platelets are exposed to...which activates... | collagen..fibrinogen receptors on platelets |
| when fibrinogen receptors activate on platelets if forms | fibrin bridges between platelets |
| platelet contraction occurs as a result of...and occurs in order to.. | activation of actin and myosin...compress platelet plug to make hole smaller |
| inhibition of platelet plug in | adjacent areas/undamaged endothelium |
| what inhibits platelet activation | prostaglandin I2 |
| nitric oxide does what | vasodilation and inhibition of platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation |
| blood coag =... and needs... | blood clotting...additional work of plasma proteins |
| blood coag has how many steps... | 3, stage 1 = production of prothrombin converting factor, 2= conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, 3 = conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by using thrombin |
| blood coag stage 1 initiation occurs because of | vessel damage of the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway |
| extrinsic pathway = ...and is the | external damage(cut)...usual means of initiation |
| extrinsic pathway has the tissue factor - | activating component from outside the blood plasma membrane protein on cells external to the endothelium |
| extrinsic pathway damage activates...and produces.. | plasma protein VII...cascade effect |
| intrinsic pathway is...such as.. | internal damage..cholesterol/plaque build up |
| intrinsic pathway activates...because of... | component from inside the blood...rough surface or collagen under damaged endothelium |
| intrinsic pathway activates which plasma protein | XII |
| the goal of stage 1 is | prothrombin coverting factor |
| stage II is the | conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
| in stage II thrombine serves as a... | positive feedback to activate the intrinsic pathway |
| conversion of pro to thrombin gets the activation of...even though...which result sin... | both pathways...original activation was via extrinsic pathway ...greater production of thrombin |
| stage III is the conversion of...and means... | fibrinogen to fibrin...soluble fibrinogen becomes insoluble fibrin |
| problems with hemostasis | vitamin k deficiency, hemophilia, inappropriate clots and thrombus vs embolism |
| vitamin K is needed for... | clotting factors and liver production of prothrombin |
| hemophilia affects | factor VIII(sometimes facor IX) and means clotting cascade doesn't happen |
| inappropriate clots occur because of | vessel damage (fatty streaks and plaque) |
| thrombus is...and embolism is.. | a stationary clot..a circulating clot |
| anticlotting systems inhibit...and include | clot formation...tissue factor pathway inhibitor, thrombin, antithrombin III |
| tissue factor pathway inhibitor, thrombin and antithrombin III all do | prevention of clot in the fist place |
| TFPI is secreted by..and partially | endothelial cells...blocks extrinsic pathway(plasma proteins) |
| thrombin binds to...and activates... | receptor on endothelial cells...protein C |
| protein C blocsk | clotting factors V and VIII |
| antithrombin III is in...and is activataed by.. | plasma proteins...heparin on endothelial cell surface |
| antithrombin III blocks...and prevents... | clotting factors circulating in the blood...clot from spreading to keep it constricted |
| anticlotting systems also include...which help | fibrinolysis..when the clot is already formed and needs to be removed |
| fibrinolysis is done by | plasmin and other plasminogen activators |
| plasmin is an...tat.. | enzyme..cuts up fibrin |
| plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator in the...are | blood stream..incorporated into the clot |
| tissue plasminogen activators are given as | clot-busting drugs during active heart attacks and strokes |
| plasmin | breaks down fibrin |
| other plasminogen activator drugs include | recombinant t-Pa AND DESMODUS ROTUNDUS SALIVARAY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVAOR (DSPA) in vampire bat saliva |
| anticlotting drugs include | COX enzyme, COX inhibitors, heparin and warfarin/coumadin |
| cox enzyme is in the...and it does what... | cell membrane of platelets...catalyzes plaetelt production of thromboxane A2 (which cox makes and it activates platelets) |
| cox inhibitors inhibit | the formation of thromboxane A2 (inhibits platelet aggregation) |
| problem with COX inhibitors... | they act on all COX enzymes |
| cox enzyme is in...and it does what...which is necessary to | cell membrane of endothelial cells...catalyzes endothelial cell production of prostaglandin I2...prevent spread of platelet plug |
| why do COX inhibitors negatively affect platelets but not endothelial cell production of prostaglandin I2? | platelets are cell fragments that can't make new proteins bec they have no nucleus but endothelial cells can make new COX enzymes |
| heparin activates...which inactivates | antithrombin III...thrombin |
| the inactivation of thrombin means | no further stimulation of the intrinsic pathway and no further conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
| warfarin or coumadin is...and inhibits... | rat poisoning...vitamin K recycling |
| warfarin prevents | formation of plasma proteins that act as clotting factors |
Created by:
handrzej
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