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Physio ch 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| states of consciousness are measured by..and include... | brain activity ( EEG)...alert, drowsy and asleep |
| range of states of consciousness | fully alert to coma |
| conscious experiences ar...and can occur while you are..and inclued | things you are aware of...awake or asleep...thoughts/ideas and feelings or perceptions |
| EEGs measure... through | activity of the brain..graded potentials |
| graded potengials are | postsynaptic potentials |
| graded potentials occur in the | pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex |
| EEG abnormal patterns may be | indicatorys of disease or damage (epilepsy amplitude spikes) |
| EEG patterns record | amplitude (microvolts) and freqency (Hz) |
| high amp:...low amp:... | many neurons active and synchronous firing..few neurons active and/or asynchronous firing |
| frequency is from...and the trend is... | 1-40+ Hz...increase frequency = increase state of alertness |
| when you are awake...you activate either | alpha or beta rhythms |
| alpha rhythms occur when..and the neurons are firing...and the freq range is... | you are relaxed with your eyes closed...synchronally..8-13 Hz |
| if the amp is higher (as in alpha rhythm( then | the frequency is lower |
| beta rhythm means you are...and the EEG detects...and occurs when you.. | more alert...arousal..open your eyes, pay attention to external stimuli |
| beta rhythm neurons are...and the frequency range is.. | desynchronized...> 13 Hz |
| when you are asleep you are either in | NREM or REM |
| NREm has how many stages | 4 |
| stage 1 occurs during...and what waves are occurring... | drowsiness and light sleep...alpha waves are sporadic with interruptions of slow theta waves |
| stage 1 theta waves have what frequency...and are...but... | 4-8 Hz...even slower than alpha..higher amp |
| stage 2 is decreased...and theta waves are interrupted by... | sensitivity to stimuli...sleep spindles and k complexes |
| stage 3 is...and has what rhythms? | deep sleep..theta and delta ( < 4 Hz - even higher amp) |
| stage 4 is also...and this is when children release...and is predominantly... | deep sleep (recovery time)...growth hormone...delta rhythms |
| REM is your | paradoxical sleep or dream sleep |
| the EEG for REM is similar to | beta rhythm |
| during REM there is an overall...with the exception of... | decreased muscle tone and activity...eye muscles and respiratory muscles |
| sleep anea lacks the | stimulation of the respiratory muscles |
| REM has increased...and ofte time...are exhibited | respiration, heart rate and blood pressure...muscle twitches in face and limbs |
| REM sleep allows you to | problem solve (symp division) |
| characteristic patterns of sleep | stage 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 > REM |
| how many times do you cycle per night | 4-6 times |
| deep nrem sleep lasts | approx 90 minutes |
| there is a shift from..to... | more nrem sleep...more rem sleep as night progresses |
| nrem stages 3&4 are essential for | rest and release of growth hormones |
| rem state is when you | dream, stimulate areas of the brain used for learning, thinking and organizing information |
| factors affecting sleep cycles | age, biological clock v real world clock, body temp, caffeine, stress levels(cortisol) |
| neural control: awake v. asleep | RAS and hypothalamus |
| RAS arises in the...and contains..in wake periods and...in sleep periods... | brainstem..biogenic amines(aminergic neurons, NE and serotonin) active...cholinergic neurons active |
| biogenic amines mean there are | lower levels of ACh to keep you awake |
| cholinergic neurons increase | ACh |
| RAS promotes...and hypothalamus promotes... | REM...NREM sleep |
| hypothalamus specifically activates the | preoptic area and pineal gland |
| the preoptic area promotes...and ihibits.. | NREM sleep..wakefulness(GABA v. histamine neurotransmitters) |
| if you take away histamine | you have less brain activity so you sleep |
| pineal gland in the dark it.. | increases melatonin release to induce lower body temp |
| caffeine and sleep: adenosine can be either | atp, adp, amp or just adenosine |
| adenosine is a..that binds to... | ligand...RAS receptors |
| adenosine is a..of..and accumulates during... | byproduct..neural activity...the day |
| adenosine receptors are on the... | cells of the RAS |
| increasing adenosine reception means | increased sleepiness and decreased brain activity |
| caffeine is an | adenosine mimic (chemical similarity) |
| caffeine binds to...but doesnot... | adenosine receptor..activate the cell |
| caffeine competes with | adenosine for the receptor binding sites |
| increasing caffeine bound means... | decreased adenosine bound and increased brain activity |
| increasing activity activates the..and thus... | pituitary...increases the release of epinephrine from adrenal gland |
| increasing the release of...makes you... | dopamine...feel better |
| coma occurs when there is | dramatically decreased brain function |
| coma lacks...or... | normal sleep-wake cycles...ability to be aroused (persistent vegetative state) |
| coma can either .. | reversible or irreversible |
| reversible coma is either... | medically ihnduced coma for better healing or no severe tissue damage |
| irreversible coma is when there is... | damage/death of tissue (CNS neuron death is permanent) |
| brain death contains 3 usual criterion... | nature of death, level of damage and supplemental |
| nature of damage is | reversible or irreversible (evidence of tissue death) |
| level of damage means there is only | spinal cord activity (no movement outside of reflexes) |
| supplemental criterion usually go along with...and include... | other two criteria...flat EEG, eye reflex responses, cerebral circulation (need oxygen for the brain) |
| selective attention is similar to... | somatic senses |
| selective attention includes the...and... | orienting response...habituation |
| orienting response is when a... | novel stimulus draws attention |
| when a novel stimulus draws attention you... | disengage from current focus, orient towards the stimulus, perceive the stimulus |
| what does the brainstem do in the orienting response | orient towards the stimulus |
| what does the cortex do in the orienting response | perceive the stimulus |
| habituation occurs when you...and there is a... | ignore irrelevant stimulus...decreased response to repetitive, irrelevant stimulus |
| habituation is analogous to | adaptation |
| motivation is either | primary or secondary |
| primary motivation is behavior to promote | homeostasis (hungry so you eat) |
| secondary motivated behavior is behavior to | reflect preferences or involves choice (how you choose to effect the primary motivated behavior) |
| reward and punishment involves | positive and negative reinforcement |
| reward and punishment are controlled by the...which involves the.. | RAS...mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
| positive reinforcement...while negative... | keeps something there...takes it away |
| the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is...and goes from...with... | reverberating...midbrain to limbic system...dopamine as the neurotransmitter |
| in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway amphetamines and caffeine >...which would be positive or negative? | increase release of dopamine...positive |
| in the mesolimbic dop. pathway, cocain >....+/-? | decrease uptake of dopamine...positive |
| in themesolimbic dopamine pathway, antipsychotic drugs >...pos/neg? | block dopamine receptors...negative |
| emotion is the | perception of the environment(light, temp, appearance, moods, etc0 and predisposition towards it |
| if the environment is happy and friendly you activate...or if it is threatening and fearful you activate the... | para...symp |
| emotional behavior is an...includig.. | actual response...heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, sweating, blushing |
| what controls emotional behavior | hypo, limbic system and cerebral cortex integration |
| hypothalamus regulates emotional behavior through...and the cerebral cortex asks... | pituitary gland...what do you want to do |
| inner emotions are you...and are controlled primarily in the...with... | feelings...limbic system...additional integrating areas including the cerebral cortex |
| schizophrenia is | disrupted basic cognitive processes |
| schizophrenia has variable symptoms like | hallucinations, delusions, catatonia(paralysis) |
| schizophrenia is caused by | a possible link to excess dopamine or abnormal brain development |
| excess dopamine would be...caused by... | drug induced...amphetamines and cocain |
| abnormal brain development diagnosis occurs | late in teen years especially in females |
| mood disorders occur because of | persistent inner emotions (perceived state of being) |
| mood disorders include | depression and bipolar disorders |
| depression is | depressed activity in the limbic system and prefrontal cortex (emotional states) |
| depression can be either... | primary (endogenous) or secondary (exogenous or reactive) |
| primary depression is from | within the body such as a chemical imbalance or cell disfunction |
| secondary depression is the | result of something else happening (spouse death/major surgery) |
| bipolar disorders include | manic depression and mood swings (extreme euphoria to depression) |
| treatment for mood disorders includes | antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy and phototherapy |
| antidepressants include | tricyclic antidepressant drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, bipolar treatment |
| tricyclic antidepressant drugs... | decrease serotonin and NE reuptake |
| monoamine oxidase inhibitors | decrease NE and serotonin breakdown |
| serotonin-specific reuptake inhibtors | decrease serotonin reuptake |
| bipolar treatment includes | lithium for regulating mood swings and anti-convulsants |
| electroconvulsive therapy is | shock therapy |
| phototherapy is...and treats... | sunny days vs rainy days...seasonal affective depressive disorder (not enough/right kind of light) |
| psychoactive substances often alter...which is... | mesolimbic pathway...the reward pathway (positive reinforcement) |
| substance dependence = ... and often causes | addiction..psychological dependence and physical dependence |
| physical dependence leads to | withdrawals or physiological symptoms |
| tolerance means you have to | increase the dose to see equal affects |
| cross-tolerance can..and means you... | occur with many types of drugs...develop tolerance for one substance which makes you develop tolerance for another similar substance |
| learning involves | experiencing new material and storing it |
| memory includes the ability to... | store and retrieve learned material |
| neural encoding is...and means you... | making neural pathway with reinforcement...commit things to memory -memory formation |
| short v long term memeory | minutes v years |
| how do you make a long term mem | consolidation |
| declarative v procedural memory | putitng into words v doing(motor memory) |
| language skills are controlled mainly in the | left brain |
| language can be both | spoken and written |
| left brain damage occuring early in childhood means...and in adulthood.. | the right side can take over lang skills...language deficits occur(pathways have already been formed by the end of puberty) |
| damage to wernicke's area is in the..and means... | back of the brain...comprehension of words is disrupted, poor integration of sensory info and speech is fluent but gibberish |
| wernicke's area damage causes speech gibberish is also called | comprehension aphasia |
| broca's area is in the..and damage here causes | front of brian...speaking of words is disrupted, poor integration for motor action, words understood but speech is inarticulate, poor syntax and they leave words out |
| broca's area results in | expressive aphasia |
| right brain-left brain | different approach to integration (artistic v analytical) |
| males v females have different | physical characteristics for learning, patterns of development, patterns of integration and brain use |
| language in females occurs in..and for males itsin.. | both sides of brain...left |
| navigation for males...and females... | is NSEW...is landmarks |
| emotion for females | there is an actual part of the brain for this but not in males |
Created by:
handrzej
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