muscle	origin	insertion	action
deltoid	lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula	deltoid tuberosity	all: abduct the shoulder, anterior: flex, medially rotate, and horizontally abduct the shoulder, posterior: extend, laterally rotate, and horizontally adduct the shoulder
latissimus dorsi	spinous processes of the last 6 thoracic vertebrae, the last 3 to 4 ribs, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, and posterior iliac crest	crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerous	extend, adduct, and medialy rotate the shoulder
trapezius	medial portion of the superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum nuchae, external occipital protuberance, and spinous processes of C7 to T12	lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion, spine of the scapula	all bilat: extend head and neck, unilat: laterally flex head and neck to same side, rotate head and neck to opposite side, elevate and upwardly rotate scapula, middle: adduct and stabilize the scapula, lower: depress and upwardly rotate scapula
teres major	lateral side of the inferior angle, and the lower half of the lateral border of the scapula	crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus	extend, adduct and medially rotate the shoulder
supraspinatus	supraspinous fossa of the scapula	greater tubercle of the humerus	abduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
infraspinatus	infraspinous fossa of the scapula	greater tubercle of the humerus	laterally rotate, adduct, extend, horizontally abduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of humerus in the glenoid cavity
teres minor	superior half of the lateral border of the scapula	greater tubercle of the humerus	laterally rotate, adduct, extend, and horizontally abduct the shoulder, stabilize the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
subscapularis	subscapular fossa of the scapula	lesser tubercle of the humerus	medialy rotate the shoulder, and stabilize the head of the humerus in te glenoid cavity
rhomboid major	spinous processes of T2 to T5	medial border of the scapula between the spine of the scapula and the inferior angle	adduct, elevate, and downwardly rotate the scapula
rhomboid minor	spinous processes of C7 to T1	upper portion of the medial border of the scapula, across the spine of the scapula	adduct, elevate, and downwardly rotate the scapula
levator scapula	transverse processes of the 1st through 4th cervicle vertabrae	uper region of the medial border, and the superior angle of the scapula	unilat: elevate, downwardly rotate the scapula, laterally flex the ehad and neck to the same side, bilat: extend the head and neck
serratus anterior	surfaces of the upper 8 to 9 ribs	anterior surfaces of the medial border of the scapula	origin fixed: abduct and depress the scapula, holds the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage, scapula fixed: may act in forced inhilation
pectoralis major	medial 1/2 of the clavicle, sternum, and the cartilage of the 1st through 6th ribs	crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus	all: adduct, medially rotate the shoulder, andassist in elevating the thorax in forced inhilation, upper: flex, horizontally adduct the shoulder, lower: extend the shoulder
pectoralis minor	ribs 3 to 5	coracoid process of the scapula	depress, abduct the scapula, tilt the scapula anteriorly, if fixed: assist in forced inhilation
subclavius	1st rib and the cartilage	inferior lateral aspect of the clavicle	draw clavicle inferiorly and anteriorly, elevate the 1st rib and stabilize the steroclavicular joint
biceps brachii	short head: coracoid process of the scapula, long head: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula	tuberosity of the radius and the aponeurosis of the biceps brachii	flex the elbow, supinate the forearm, and flex the shoulder
triceps brachii	long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, lateral head: posterior surface of the proximal half of the humerus, medial head: posterior surface of the distal half of the humerus	olecrannon process of the ulna	all: extend the elbow, long head: extend and abduct the shoulder
coracobrachialis	coracoid process of the scapula	medial surface of the mid-humeral shaft	flex, and adduct the shoulder
brachialis	distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus	tuberosity and the coranoid process of the humerus	flex the elbow
brachioradialis	lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus	styloid process of the radius	flex the elbow, assist to pronate and supinate the forearm when the movments are resisted
extensor carpi radialis longus	lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus	base of the second metacarpal	extend the wrist, abduct the wrist and assist to flex the elbow joint
extensor carpi radialis brevis	lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus	base of the 3rd metacarpal	extend the wrist, abduct the wrist, assist to flex the elbow
extensor carpi ulnaris	common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus	base of the 5th metacarpal	extend the wrist, adduct the wrist
extensor digitorum	common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus	middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd through 5th fingers	extend the 2nd through 5th fingers, assist to extend the wrist
flexor carpi radialis	common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus	bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals	flex the wrist joint, abduct the wrist joint, and flex the elbow
palmaris longus	commone flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle	flexor retinaculum and palmaris aponeurosis	tense the palmar fascia, flex the wrist joint, and flest the elbow joint
flexor carpi ulnaris	humeral head: common flexor tendon fron the medial epicondyle of the humerus, ular head: posterior surface of the proximal half of the ulnar shaft	pisiform	flex the wrist, adduct the wrist, and assist to flex the elbow
flexor digitorum superficialis	common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of the ulna, and the shaft of the radius	by four tendons into the sides of the middle phalanges of the 2nd through 5th fingers	flex the 2nd through 5th fingers, flex the wrist
flexor digitorum profundus	the anterior and the edial surfaces of the proximal 3/4 of the ulna	by four tendons into the bases of the distal phalanges, palmar surfaces of the 2nd through 5th fingers	flex the 2nd through 5th fingers, and assist to flex the wrist
pronator teres	medial epicondyle of the humerus, common flexor tendon and the ulna	the middle of the lateral surface of the radius	pronate the forearm, and assist to flex the elbow
pronator quadratis	the medial, anterior surface of the distal ulna	the lateral, anterior surface of the distal radius	pronate the forearm
supinator	the radial collateral ligament, the annular ligament, and the supinator crest of the ulna	lateral surface of the proximal shaft of the radius	supinate the forearm
opponens pollicis	flexor retinaculum, and the tubercle of the trapezium	the entire length of the 1st metacarpal bone on the radial side	opposition of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
adductor pollicis	the capitate, the 2nd and the 3rd metacarpals	the base of the proximal phalnge of the thumb	adduct the thumb, and assist in flexion of the thumb
extensor pollicis longus	the posterior surface of the ulna, and the interosseous membrane	the distal phalange of the thumb	extend the thumb, and assist to extend the thumb
extensor pollicis brevis	the posterior surface of the radius, and the interosseous membrane	the proximal phalange of the thumb	extend the thumb, and assist to extend the thumb
flexor pollicis longus	the anterior surface of the radius, and the interosseous membrane	the distal phalange of the thumb	flex the thumb, and assist to flex the thumb
abductor pollicis longus	the posterior surface of the radius, the ulna, and the inerosseous membrane	the base of the 1st metacarpal	abduct the thumb, and extend the thumb
errector spinae group (spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus)	the common tendon that attaches tothe posterior surface of the sacrum, iliac crest, the spinous processes of the lumbar and the last 2 thoracic vertebrae	various attachments at the posterior ribs, the spinous and the transverse processes of the thoracic and the cervical vertabrae, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone	unilat: laterally flex the vertevral column to the same side, bilat: extend the vertebral column
multifidi and rotatores	multifidi: the sacrum, and the transverse porcesses of the lumbar through to the cervical vertebrae, rotatores: the tranverse processes of the lumbar through to the cervical vertebrae	the spinous processes of the lumbar vertabrae through to the 2nd cervical vertabrae	unilat: rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side, bilat: extend the vertevral column
semispinalis capitis	the transverse processes of the throacic vertabrae, and the articular processes of the lower cervicle vertebrae	the spinous processes of the upper thoracic and cervicle vertabrae and the superior nuchal line of the occiput	extend the head and the vertebral column
splenius capitis and cervicic	capitis: the legamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C7 to T3, cervicis: the spinous processes of T3 to T6	capitis: the mastoid process, and the lateral portion of the superior nuchal line, cervicis: the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae	unilat: rotate the head and neck to the same side, laterally flex the head and neck,bilat: extend the head and neck
quadratus lumborum	posterior iliac crest	the last rib, and the transverse processes of L1 through L4	unilat: laterally tilt the pelvis, laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side, assist to extend the vertebral column, bilat: flex the last rib, during inhilation and forced exhilation
rectus abdominus	pubic crest, and the pubic symphasis	the cartilage of the 5th,6th, and 7th ribs, and the xiphoid process	flex the vertebral column
external oblique	lower 8 ribs	the anterior part of the iliac crest, and the abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba	unilat: laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side, and rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side, bilat: flex the vertebral column, and compress the abdominal contents
internal oblique	lateral inguinal ligament, the iliac crest, and the thoracolumbar aponeurosis	the internal surface of the lower 3 ribs, andthe abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba	unilat: lateraly flex the vertebral column to the same side, and rotate the vertebral column to the same side, bilat: flex the vertebral column, and compress abdominal contents
transverse abdominis	the lateral inguinal ligament, the iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and the internal surface of the lower 6 ribs	the abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba	compress the abdominal contents
diaphragm	costal: inner surface of the lower 6 ribs, lumbar: the upper 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae, sternal: the inner part of the xiphoid process	cental tendon	draw down the central tendon of the diahragm, and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhilation
intercostals	the inferior border of the rib above	the superior border of the rib below	external: assist with inhilation, internal: assist with exhilation
rectus femoris (quadriceps)	the anterior, inferior, iliac spine	tibial tuberosity	extend the knee, and flex the hip
vastus lateralis (quadriceps)	the lateral lip of the linea aspera, the gluteal tuberosity	tibial tuberosity	extend the knee
vastus intermedius (quadriceps)	the anterior and the lateral shaft of the femor	tibial tuberosity	extend the knee
vastus medialis (quadriceps)	the medial lip of the linea aspera	tibial tuberosity	extend the knee
biceps femoris (hamstrings)	long head: ischial tuberosity, short head: the lateral lip of the linea aspera	the head of the fibula	flex the knee, laterally rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, laterally rotate the hip, and tilt the pelvis posteriorly
semitendinosus (hamstrings)	ischial tuberosity	the proximal medial shaft of the tibia at the pes anserinus tendon	flex the knee, medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, medially rotate the hip, and tile the pelvis posteriorly
semimembranosus (hamstrings)	ischial tuberosity	the posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia	flex the knee, medially rotate the flexed knee, extend the hip, medially rotate the hip, and tilt the pelvis posteriorly
adductor magnus (adductor group)	the inferior ramus of the pubis, ramus of the ischum, and the ischial tuberosity	the medial lip of the linea aspera, and the adductor tubercle	adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist to flex the hip, posterior: extend the hip
adductor longus (adductor group)	pubic tubercle	the medial lip of the linea aspera	adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist to flex the hip
adductor brevis (adductor group)	the inferior ramus of the pubis	the pectineal line, and the medial lip of the linea aspera	adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, and assist to flex the hip
pectineus (adductor group)	the superior ramus of the pubi	the pectineal line of the femur	adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, and assist to flex the hip
gracilis (adductor group)	the inferior ramis of the pubis and the ramus of the ischium	the proximal medial shaft of the tibia at the pes anserinus tendon	adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, flex the knee and medially rotate the flexed knee
sartorius	anterior superior iliac spine	the proximal, media shaft of the tibia at the pes anserinus tendon	flex the hip, laterally rotate the hip, abduct the hip, flex the knee, and medially rotate the flexed knee
tensor fascia latae	the iliac crest, posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine	iliotibial tract	flex the hip, medially rotate the hip, and abduct the hip
gluteus maximus	coccyc, the edge of the sacrum, the posterior iliac crest, sacrotuberus and sacroiliac tract	upper: the gluteal tuberosity, lower: iliotibial tract	all: extend the hip, laterally rotate the hip and abduct the hip, lower: adduct the hip
gluteus minimus	the gluteal surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines	the andteror border of the greater trochanter	abduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, and flex the hip
gluteus medius	the gluteal surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior and anterior gluteal lines	the greater trochanter	all: abduct the hip, anterior: flex the hip, and medially rotate the hip, posterior: extend the hip, and laterally rotate the hip
piriformis (lateral rotators)	the anterior surface of the sacrum	the greater trochanter	laterally rotate the hip, and abduct the hip when the hip is flexed
quadratus femoris (lateral rotators)	the lateral border of the ischial tuberosity	the intertrochanteric crest between the lesser and greater trochanters	laterally rotate the hip
obturator internus (lateral rotators)	the obturator membran and the inferior surface of the obturator foreamen	the medial surface of the greater trochanter	laterally rotate the hip
obturator externus (lateral rotators)	the superior and inferior rami of the pubis	the trochanter fossa of the femur	laterally rotate the hip
gemellus superior (lateral rotators)	the ischial spine	the upper border of the greater trochanter	laterally rotate the hip
gemellus inferior (lateral rotators)	the ischial tuberosity	the upper border of the greater trochanter	laterally rotate the hip
psoas major	the bodies and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae	the lesser trochanter	flex the hip, adduct the hip, and laterally rotate the hip
iliacus	the iliac fossa	the lesser trochanter	flex the hip, adduct the hip, and laterally rotate the hip
gastrocnemius	condyles of the femur, the posterior surfaces	the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon	flex the knee, and plantar flex the ankle
soleus	the soleal line, posterior surface of tibia, and proximal, posterior surface of fibula	the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon	plantar flex the ankle
plantaris	the lateral condyle of the femur	the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon	weak plantar flexion of the ankle, weak flexion of the knee
popliteus	lateral epicondyle of the femur	proximal, posterior aspect of the tibia	medially rotate the flexed knee, and flex the knee
peronius longus	the proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula	base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform	evert the foot, and assist to plantar flex the ankle
peronius brevis	the distal 2/3 of lateral fibula	tuberosit of 5th metatarsal	evert the foot, and assist to plantar flex the ankle
tibialis anterior (extensors of ankle and foot)	proximal, lateral surface of the tibia, and interosseious membrane	medial cuneiform, and the base of the 1st metatarsal	invert the foot, dorsiflex the ankle
extensor digitorum longus (extensors of ankle and foot)	proximal anterior shaft of the fibula, and the interosseous membrane	middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd through 5th toes	extend the 2nd through 5th toes, dorsiflex the ankle, and evert the foot
extensor hallucis longus (extensors of ankle and foot)	middle anterior surface of fibula, and the interosseous membrane	distal phalange of 1st toe	extend the 1st toe, dorsiflex the ankle, and invert the foot
tibialis posterior (flexors of ankle and foot)	proximal posterior shaft of tibia, proximal fibula, and the interosseous membrane	navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and the bases of 2nd through 4th metatarsals	invert the foot, and plantar flex the ankle
flexor digitorum longus (flexor of ankle and foot)	middle posterior surface of tibia	distal phalanges of the 2nd through 5th toes	flex the 2nd though 5th toes, weak plantar flexion of the ankle, and invert the foot
flexor hallucis longus (flexor of ankle and foot)	middle half of posterior fibula	distal phalange of 1st toe	flex the 1st toe, weak plantar flextion of the ankle, and invert the foot
flexor digitorum brevis	calcaneous plantar surface	the middle phalanges of the 2nd through 5th toes	flex the middle phalanges of the 2nd though 5th toes
abductor hallucis	calcaneous plantar surface	proximal phalange of the 1st toe, and the medial sesamoid bone	abduct the 1st toe, and assist to flex the 1st toe
abductor digiti minimi	calcaneous plantar surface	proximal phalange of 5th toe lateral side	flex the 5th toe and assist to abduct the 5th toe
sternocleidomastoid	sternal head: top of the manubrium, clavicular head: medial 1/3 of the clavicle	mastoid process and the lateral portion of the superior nuchal line	unilat: flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: flex the neck, assist with inhilation by elevating the rib cage
anterior scalene	anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C3-C6	the 1st rib	unilat: laterlly flex the head and neck to the same side when the 1st rib is fixed, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the ribs during inhilation, flex the head and neck
middle scalene	transvers processes of C2-C7	the 1st rib	unilat: with the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the ribs during inhilation
posterior scalene	transverse processes of C5 and C6	2nd rib	unilat: with the ribs fixed, laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate head and neck to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the ribs during inhilation
masseter	zygomatic arch	angle and ramus of the mandible	elevate the mandible
temporalis	temporal fossa and fascia	coronoid process of the mandible	elevate and retract the mandible
medial pterygoid	medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and the tuberosity of the maxilla	medial surface of the ramus of the mandible	unilat: laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side, bilat: elevate the mandible, protract the mandible
lateral pterygoid	superior: infratemporal surface crest of greater wing of the sphenoid bone, inferior: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone	articula disc and capsule of tmj, neck of mandible	unilat: laterally deviate the mandible to the opposite side, bilat: protract the mandible

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