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Patient Care
Radiation Oncology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is myelosupression? | A reduction in bone marrow function which causes pain in patients |
| Myelosuppression can cause what blood conditions? | Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia |
| What is anemia? | A decrease in the peripheral red blood cell count. |
| What is leukopenia? | A decrease in the white blood cell count |
| What is thrombocytopenia? | A reduction in the number of circulating platelets. |
| What is the average WBC? | 5,000 – 10,000 /mm3 |
| What is the average platelet count? | 200,000 – 500,000 /mm3 |
| What is the average RBC? | Males: 5 * 106 /mm3 Females: 4.5 * 106 /mm3 |
| Side effects associated with radiation treatment to the skin | Erythema, dry desquamation, and moist desquamation |
| After how much dose would you expect to see erythema? | 30-40 Gy |
| After how much dose would you expect to see moist or dry desquamation? | 40-60 Gy |
| What can be given to patients when their skin becomes sensitive and begins to itch? | Aquaphor or something similar |
| Side effects associated with radiation treatment to the head and neck | Alopecia, dysphagia, xerostomia, mucositis, taste change, esophagitis, skin reactions (ex. erythema), and dry eye |
| What can be given to patients when they develop mucositis or esophagitis? | Magic mouthwash which includes Maalox, Benadryl, and Lidocaine |
| After how much dose would you expect to see alopecia? | 20 Gy |
| After how much dose would you expect to see mouth changes such as xerostomia, stomatitis, mucositis, or taste change? | 20-30 Gy |
| After how much dose would you expect to see esophagitis? | 20-30 Gy |
| Side effects associated with radiation treatment to the chest | Dysphagia, esophagitis, nausea, pneumonitis, fibrosis, and fatigue |
| After how much dose would you expect to see nausea and vomiting? | 10-20 Gy |
| What might be prescribed for nausea and vomiting? | Zofran |
| Side effects associated with radiation treatment to the abdomen | Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, fatique, and nausea |
| After how much dose would you expect to see diarrhea? | 20-50 Gy |
| What can be taken for diarrhea? | Immodium |
| Side effects associated with radiation treatment to the pelvis | Diarrhea, proctitis, dysuria, fatique, and cystitis |
| After how much dose would you expect to see cystitis? | 30-40 Gy |
| What can be given for dysuria? | Flomax |
| What can be given for cystitis? | Pyridium |
| What is the difference between a drug and medication? | A drug is any substance that alters physical function whereas a medication is administered with a therapeutic intent |
| Six Rights of Drug Safety | Right patient Right medication Right dose Right time Right route Right documentation of delivery |
| Proper Response to an Allergic Reaction to Contrast | Immediately stop procedure Call oncologist Stay with patient |
| Types of emergencies most likely encountered | Asthma attack, pulmonary edema, anaphylactic shock, and cardiac arrest |
| Routes of Drug Administration | Oral, mucous membrane (ex. sublingual), topical, and parenteral |
| Common Parenteral Routes | Intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous |
| Purpose of Contrast Media | Increase visibility of soft tissue and internal structures with low natural contrast |
| Two Basic Types of Contrast Agents | Radiolucent (negative) Radiopaque (positive) |
| Examples of Radiolucent Contrast Agents | Air and Carbon dioxide |
| Ionic Contrast | Ions (charged particles) are created when the agent dissolves in the blood |
| Nonionic Contrast | Do not dissolve into ions when they enter the blood |
| Osmolality | Indicates the number of particles in a given solution of water |
| All Ionic Contrast Agents have ____ Osmolality | High |
| Most Nonionic Contrast Agents have ____ Osmolality | Low |
| Potential Reactions to Contrast | Hypovolemia, kidney toxicity, and allergic reactions |
| What is an idiosyncratic response? | Unpredictable response |
| What is a non-idiosyncratic response? | Predictable response, what you can expect |
| What is extravasation? | Leakage of fluid into the tissues |
| What is the preferred contrast agent for imaging of the GI system? | Barium sulfate |
| What are routes of administration for barium sulfate? | Oral and rectal |
| What is a normal blood pressure range? | 120/80 mmHg or below |
| What are different ways to check one’s temperature? | Oral, rectal, and axillary |
| What temperature is average when taken orally? | 98.6° F |
| What temperature is average when taken rectally? | 99.6° F |
| What temperature is average when taken axillary? | 97.6° F |
| What is the normal pulse rate range for adults? | 60 to 90 beats/min |
| What is the average rate of respiration for adults? | 10 to 20 breaths/min |
| What is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations? | Epidemiology |
| What is the presence of an agent that is infectious but does not initiate an immune response? | Colonization |
| A person who carries a specific pathogen but is free of signs or symptoms of the disease and yet is capable of spreading the disease is referred to as what? | Carrier |
| The term used when an infection is acquired in a hospital? | Nosocomial |
| What are five different routes of transmission? | Contact Droplet Common vehicle Airborne Vectorborne |
| What transmission route is the cause of most nosocomial infections? | Contact |
| How does droplet transmission occur? | Involves the rapid transfer of the infectious agent through the air over short distances |
| What are causes of droplet transmission? | Talking, coughing, sneezing, etc. |
| How are droplet contact and airborne transmission differentiated? | By particle size and distance |
| Should a needle be recapped after use? | Never recap a needle |
| Where do used needle go? | They are discarded in a sharps container |
| Needlesticks account for what percentage of job-related acquired HIV? | 84% |
| Can a paint pen be used on different patients? | A pen used to apply marks on a patient’s skin should never be used on multiple patients. |
| When should gloves be worn? | Gloves should be worn when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and any contaminated items. |
| When should hands be washed? | Wash hands immediately after gloves are removed, between patients, and when otherwise indicated to prevent the spread of microorganisms |
| What is the single most effective weapon for reducing nosocomial infection? | Hand hygiene |
| How should fingernails be maintained for healthcare workers? | Fingernails should be natural, unpolished, short, and neat. |
| Why is it important to remove gloves after positioning patient but before using equipment? | To avoid the spread of disease |
| Examples of Radiopaque Contrast Agents | Barium and Iodine |
Created by:
Casey7756
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