EGC1 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Decision alternatives | Options available to the decision maker. |
Chance event | An uncertain future event affecting the consequence, or payoff, associated with a decision. |
Consequence | The result obtained when a decision alternative is chosen and a chance event occurs. A measure of the consequence is often called a payoff. |
States of nature | The possible outcomes for chance events that affect the payoff associated with a decision alternative. |
Influence diagram | A graphical device that shows the relationship among decisions, chance events, and consequences for a decision problem. |
Node | An intersection or junction point of an influence diagram or a decision tree. |
Decision nodes | Nodes indicating points where a decision is made. |
Chance nodes | Nodes indicating points where an uncertain event will occur. |
Consequence nodes | Nodes of an influence diagram indicating points where a payoff will occur. |
Payoff | A measure of the consequence of a decision such as profit, cost, or time. Each combination of a decision alternative and a state of nature has an associated payoff (consequence). |
Payoff table | A tabular representation of the payoffs for a decision problem. |
Decision tree | A graphical representation of the decision problem that shows the sequential nature of the decision-making process. |
Branch | Lines showing the alternatives from decision nodes and the outcomes from chance nodes. |
Optimistic approach | An approach to choosing a decision alt. w/o using probabilities. For a max.problem, it leads to choosing the decision alt.corresponding to the largest payoff; for a min. problem, it leads to choosing the decision alt. corresponding to the smallest payoff. |
Conservative approach | An approach to choosing a decision alt. w/o using probabilities. For a max.problem, it leads to choosing the decision alt.that max. the min. payoff; for a min. problem, it leads to choosing the decision alternative that minimizes the maximum payoff. |
Minimax regret approach | An approach to choosing a decision alternative without using probabilities. For each alternative, the maximum regret is computed, which leads to choosing the decision alternative that minimizes the maximum regret. |
Opportunity loss, or regret | The amount of loss (lower profit or higher cost) from not making the best decision for each state of nature. |
Expected value approach | An approach to choosing a decision alternative based on the expected value of each decision alternative. The recommended decision alternative is the one that provides the best expected value. |
Expected value (EV) | For a chance node, it is the weighted average of the payoffs. The weights are the state-of-nature probabilities. |
Expected value of perfect information (EVPI) | The expected value of information that would tell the decision maker exactly which state of nature is going to occur (i.e., perfect information). |
Risk analysis | The study of the possible payoffs and probabilities associated with a decision alternative or a decision strategy. |
Sensitivity analysis | The study of how changes in the probability assessments for the states of nature or changes in the payoffs affect the recommended decision alternative. |
Risk profile | The probability distribution of the possible payoffs associated with a decision alternative or decision strategy. |
Prior probabilities | The probabilities of the states of nature prior to obtaining sample information. |
Sample information | New information obtained through research or experimentation that enables an updating or revision of the state-of-nature probabilities. |
Posterior (revised) | probabilities The probabilities of the states of nature after revising the prior probabilities based on sample information. |
Decision strategy | A strategy involving a sequence of decisions and chance outcomes to provide the optimal solution to a decision problem. |
Expected value of sample information (EVSI) | The difference between the expected value of an optimal strategy based on sample information and the “best” expected value without any sample information. |
Efficiency | The ratio of EVSI to EVPI as a percentage; perfect information is 100% efficient. |
Bayes’ theorem | A theorem that enables the use of sample information to revise prior probabilities. |
Conditional probabilities | The probability of one event given the known outcome of a (possibly) related event. |
Joint probabilities | The probabilities of both sample information and a particular state of nature occurring simultaneously. |
Created by:
mmoreno12
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