USMLE Step 1 Word Scramble
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question | answer |
cadmium toxicity leads to: | honeycomb pneumonitis |
cobalt toxicity causes: | cardiomyopathy |
chromium toxicity can cause: | lung cancer |
lead toxicity causes: | disruption of heme synthesis and renal tubular acidosis |
mercury poisoning can cause: | neurotixicity and proximal tubule necrosis |
arsenic toxicity can lead to: | lung cancer |
asbestos exposure can lead to: | mesothelioma |
aromatic amine exposure can cause: | bladder cancer |
benzene can cause: | leukemia |
vinyl chloride can cause | liver angiosarcoma |
Alpha-amanitin can lead to: | fulminant hepatitis |
what is the Ziehl Neelsen stain used for? | Acid fast bacteria (turn red) |
What is India ink used to diagnose? | cryptococcus |
What is the Geimsa stain used for? | blood smears |
What does PAS stain? | glycogen, mucopolysaccharides |
What does Prussian Blue stain for? | Iron |
What is the Congo Red stain used for? | Amyloid (green birefringence) |
what is osmic acid used for? | Electro microscopy |
what do gram + bacteria have in the outer layer of their cell wall? | Teichoic acid |
what do gram negative bacteria have in the outer layer of their cell wall? | LPS (endotoxins) |
what is speciall about the mycobacterium cell wall? | It contains mycolic acid |
What is special about mycoplasma structure? | No cell wall and membrane contains cholesterol |
what is the outside of a bacterial spore made of | kipicolinic acid (keratin coat) |
what cytokines are produced in response to gram negative infection (endotoxin effects)? | TNF, IL-1 |
what is an exotoxin made of? | polypeptides |
what does tetanus toxin do? | blocks glycine release |
what does botulinim toxin do? | blocks ACh release |
what does diptheria toxin do? | inhibts protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 |
what baceteria produces alpha toxin? | staph aureus |
how does cholera toxin act? | stimulates adenylate cyclase via Gs |
how does pertussis toxin act? | inhibits Gi, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase |
how does the heat labile E.coli toxin act? | stimulates adenylate cyclase |
how does the heat stable E.coli toxin act? | stimulates guanylate cyclase |
what 3 bugs are obligate aerobes? | M. tuberculosis; pseudomonas aeruginosa; nocardia |
which two bugs are microaerophilic? | C. jejuni; Brucella abortus |
Which bugs are obligate anaerobes? | clostridium; actinomyces |
most common cause of sinusitis? | S. pneumoniae, S. aureus |
most common cause of otitis media? | S. pneumoniae; H. influenza |
most common cause of bronchitis? | H. influenza, S. pneumoniae |
most common cause of pneumonia in infants? | RSV |
most common cause of pneumonia in young adults? | mycoplasma |
most common cause of pneumonia in elderly? | S. pneumoniae |
most common causes of neonatal meningitis? | E. coli, Strep agalactia, Listeria |
most common cause of childhood meningitis | Neisseria meningitidis > S. pneumoniae |
most common cause of adult meningitis? | S. pneumoniae > N. meningitidis |
what cause aseptic meningitis? | enteroviruses, arboviruses in the summer |
most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis? | hep C |
what bug causes carbuncles? | Staph aureus |
what are common sepsis causes in a catheterized patient? | Candida, Staph A |
What causes sepsis in burn wounds? | Pseudomonas A |
most common cause of childhood diarrhea? | Rotavirus |
most common cause of adult diarrhea (US)? | C. jejuni |
most common cause of diarrhea in travelers? | E. coli, shigella, salmonella |
is S. epidermidis novobiocin sensitive or resistant? | sensitive |
is S. saprophytics novobiocin sensitive or resistant? | resistant |
Group A strep pyogenes: bacitracin sensitive or insensitive? | sensitive |
Non group A strep: bacitracin sensitive or insensitive? | insensitive |
what type of hemolysys does pneumococcus demonstrate? | alpha |
Optichin sensitive: pneumococcus? | yes |
Optochin sensitive: S. viridans? | no (resistant) |
what age does meningococcus tend to infect? | infants 6-24 months |
what is a major complication of N. meningitidis infection? | Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (acute bilateral adrenal hemorrhage) |
What antibiotic is used of N. meningitidis? | Penicillin G |
What is a special gonococcus virulence factor? | pili |
what is the treatment for gonorrhea? | Ceftriaxone (+ tetracycline for possible chlamydia coinfection) |
adolescent with purulent arthritis: what should we suspect? | gonorrhea |
on what plate do we culture corynebacterium? | Loeffler's telluride |
what form do corynebacterium form in culture? | chinese characters |
what pH does lactobacillus like? | <4.5 |
which 3 antibiotics are likely to cause pseudomembranous colitis? | clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins |
E. coli: lactose fermenter? | yup! |
E. coli: motile? | yes |
what is the most common cause of UTI's? | E. coli |
Salmonella: motile? | yup |
Salmonella: latose fermenter? | no |
Which Salmonella produces gas? | only S. typhi (--> enteric fever) |
Shigella: motile? | no |
Shigella: lactose fermenter? | no |
which is more infective: salmonella or shigella? | shig (x1000!) |
typhoid treatment = | chloramphenicol, ampicillin |
Proteus: motile? | yes |
what does a proteus UTI lead to? | ammonium calculi (due to urease production) |
Klebsiella: motile? | yes |
what is the weil-felix reaction? | proteus antigens cross-react with anti-rickettsial antibodies |
K antigen = | capsule |
H antigen = | flagella |
most common cause of gram negative abdominal infections? | bacteroides fragilis |
Treatment for bacteroids fragilis? | Metronidazole |
Vibrio cholera treatment? | tetracycline |
what gastroenteritis is caused by sushi? | virbrio parahaemolyticus |
what is triple therapy for H. pylori? | metro + tetracycline + bismuth |
what cancer can H. pylori lead to? | MALT lymphoma |
how does Yersinia pestis stain? | Bipolar (safety pin) |
treatment for the plague? | streptomycin, tetracycline |
what is a common bug in dog and cat bites? | pasteurella |
treatment for pasteurella cellulitis or osteomyelitis? | penicillin |
what disease does brucella cause? | undulating fever |
treatment for brucella? | tetracycline, gentamycin |
what disease does francisella cause? | tularemia |
treatment for tularemia? | streptomycin |
what does H. influenza need for culture? | chocolate agar |
what is the treatment for whooping cough? | erythromycin- best during catarrhal stage |
how are pertussis toxin and cholera toxin alike? | both upregulate adenylate cyclase |
what causes "lump jaw" | actinomyces |
what might cause a leptospirosis infection? | water contaminated with rat pee (sewers) |
what cardiac problem can be caused by lyme disease? | AV block |
what is the infectious form of chlamydia? | elementary body |
what form of chlamydis is visible in the cytoplastmic inclusions seen on giemsa stain? | reticulate body |
all DNA viruses are double stranded except: | parvovirus |
all DNA viruses are icosahedral except: | poxvirus |
what's the largest virus there is? | poxvirus |
what does Parvovirus B19 cause? | erythema infectiosum (5th disease) |
what family does Papillomavirus belong to? | papova virus |
what family does JC virus beong to? | papova |
variola, vaccinia, and molluscum are all what kind of virus? | poxvirus |
HBV belongs to what family? | Hepadna virus |
where does HSV1 stay latent? | trigeminal ganglion |
Where does HSV2 rest while it's latent? | sacral DRG |
where do HSV1 and 2 multiply? | fibroblasts |
what can Epstein Barr Virus lead to? | Burkitt's lymphoma (Africa), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (china) |
what does HHV-6 cause? | roseola (6th disease) |
what does HHV-8 cause | kaposi sarcoma |
what's the big difference between smallpox/chickenpox presentation? | chickenpox appear in different stages of evolution, smallpox are all at same stage |
What viruses are picornaviruses? | Rhino, Echo, HepA, Polio, Coxsackie |
what family is rotavirus from? | reo |
what are the paramyxoviridae? | rubeola, parainfluenza, mumps, RSV |
Created by:
terez
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