AS Psy - Abnormality Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
What is the 'Statistical Infrequency' explanation of abnormality?	Researchers + government collect data; a 'norm' is found. When graphed, a 'normal distribution' is found. Those at the extremes are abnormal.
What is the 'Deviation From Social Norms' explanation of abnormality?	Society dictates standards of acceptable behaviour in place for good reasons. Those who do not adhere to the social expectations are deviating from the social norms and hence are abnormal.
What is the 'Failure To Function Adequately' explanation of abnormality?	Abnormality is judged in terms of not being able to cope with day-to-day tasks. 'Failure to function adequately' refers to the individual's ability/inability cope day-to-day.
What is the 'Deviation from Ideal Mental Health' explanation of abnormality?	Jahoda (1958) identified 6 categories: Self-attitudes; Personal growth and self-actualisation; Integration; Autonomy; Having an accurate perception of reality; & Mastery of the environment. Absence of these criteria = abnormality
What are the limitations of the 'Statistical Infrequency' definition?	Does not distinguish between desirable and undesirable abnormal behaviour; Cultural relativism
What are the limitations of the 'Deviation from Social Norms' definition?	Susceptable to abuse; Social expectations change with time; Cultural relativism
What are the limitations of the 'Failure to Function Adequately' definition?	Who judges what is 'adequate'?; Cultural relativism
What are the limitations of the 'Deviation from Ideal Mental Health' definition?	Criteria too high; Cultural relativism
What are the four models of abnormality?	Biological (Medical), Psychodynamic, Cognitive and Behavioural
What are the assumptions of the biological (medical) model about the causes of abnormality?	All mental disorders are related to a change in the body - genes, biochemical substances, neuroanatomy and/or microbes. Abnormality is inherited. Certain genes lead to abnormal biochemistry and/or abnormal neuroanatomy.
What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic model about the causes of abnormality?	Mental disorder results from psychological causes - 'unconscious unresolved conflicts of childhood'. Conflicts between id, ego and superego cause anxiety. Early experiences cause mental disorder (Under-developed ego). Unconscious motivations are a cause.
What are the assumptions of the behavioural model about the causes of abnormality?	Abnormal behaviours are learned through conditioning. Only behaviour is important, the mind is an unnecessary concept. The same laws apply to human and non-human animal behaviour.
What are the assumptions of the cognitive model about the causes of abnormality?	Abnormality is caused by faulty thinking - faulty and irrational thinking prevents the individual from behaving adaptively. The individual is in control - the individual controls his/her own thoughts. Abnormality is faulty control.
What are the criticisms of the biological (medical) model of abnormality?	(+) Led to more humane treatment in 18th century. (-) Inhumane - Szasz (1972) - mental illness created as a form of social control. (-) Cause or effect? (-) Inconclusive evidence
What are the criticisms of the psychodynamic model of abnormality?	(+) Very influential. (-) Too much emphasis on sex. (-) Poor research evidence.
What are the criticisms of the behavioural model of abnormality?	(+) Scientific & testable due to its simplicity. (-) Can't account for all human behaviour. (-) Treat symptoms, not cause.
What are the criticisms of the cognitive model of abnormality?	(-) Faulty thinking a cause or effect of a mental disorder? (-) Blames the patient, not situational factors. (+) Theraputic success.
What is an eating disorder?	A term which refers to a serious disruption of a person's eating habits or appetite and which may reflect abnormal psychological functioning.
What are the most common eating disorders?	Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
What are the DSM-IV Clinical Characteristics of Anorexia?	1. Anxiety - excessive fear of being fat, fearful of weight gain. 2. Weight - <85% of normal weight = abnormal; odd eating habits develop. 3. Body-image distortion - see themselves as fat. 4. Amenorrhoea - periods stop for more than 3 months.
What are the DSM-IV Clinical Characteristics of Bulimia?	1. Binge - eating excessive amount of food in short period of time. 2. Purge - self-induced vomiting/misuse of laxatives/stop eating for long period of time. 3. Frequency - Must binge + purge twice a week for 3 wks. 4. Body image. 5. Differs from Anorexia
What are the aims of Holland et al's study into the causes of Anorexia?	To explore the possibility of anorexia having a genetic basis by studying identical and non-identical twins.
What are the procedures of Holland et al's study into the biological causes of Anorexia?	45 pairs of female twins - at least 1 twin had anorexia. Interviewed to establish clinical characteristics, records made of body mass + length of amenorrhoea. Blood tested to find that 25 Identicals (MZ) + 20 DZs.
What are the findings of Holland et al's study into the biological causes of Anorexia?	56% MZs concordant for Anorexia; 5% DZs. More Anorexia in relatives than found in normal population. Measures taken showed greater similarity between MZs.
What are the conclusions of Holland et al's study into the biological causes of Anorexia?	Anorexia has large genetic component. What is inherited is a genetic sensitivity to environmental factors.
What are the criticisms of Holland et al's study into the biological causes of Anorexia?	(-) Unreliable diagnosis. - could be a susceptability to develop eating disorders rather than anorexia specifically. (-) MZ twins treated more similarly = confounding variable.
What are the three biological explanations of Anorexia?	Genetic factors, Biochemical factors, Neuroanatomy.
What are the criticisms of the biological explanations of Anorexia?	(+) Stimulated research and research support; (-) Research relies on v. small samples; (-) Cannot account for increasing numbers of Anorexia sufferers.
What studies have investigated genetic factors in relation to biological explanations of Anorexia?	Holland et al - Twin study; Gorwood et al - genes may dictate abnormal levels of neurotransmitters or abnormal development of the hypothalamus; Klump et al - OCD
What has been found about biochemical factors in relation to biological explanations of Anorexia?	Increased levels of serotonin associated with suppressed appetite. No food eaten, serotonin levels drop.
What has been found about neuroanatomy in relation to biological explanations of Anorexia?	People w/ anorexia may have a a malfunctioning hypothalamus: LH and VMH regulate hunger. If LH is damaged, VMH still sends signals to suppress hunger.
What are the aims of Becker's study into the psychological causes of Anorexia?	To see if TV affects Anorexia in adolescent girls.
What are the procedures of Becker's study into the psychological causes of Anorexia?	63 Fijian girls - questionnaire on attitudes towards eating and their TV habits. 3 yrs later - 17 yrs old - requestioned.
What are the findings of Becker's study into the psychological causes of Anorexia?	Girls which vomited to control weight 3% --> 15%, Girls w/ risk of disordered eating: 13% --> 29%
What are the conclusions of Becker's study into the psychological causes of Anorexia?	Strong link between exposure Western ideals of thinness and changed attitudes towards eating. Changed attitudes = more likely to develop Anorexia.
What are the criticisms of Backer's study into the Psychological causes of Anorexia?	(-) Findings do not necessarily demonstrate a cause. (-) Changed attitudes may not lead to eating disorders.
What are the three psychological explanations of Anorexia?	Psychodynamic approach; Behavioural approach; and Cognitive approach.
What are the aims of Kendler et al's study into the biological causes of Bulimia?	To establish whether the increased incidence of bulimia in families was due to genetic or environmental factors.
What are the procedures of Kendler et al's study into the biological causes of Bulimia?	1000 pairs of twins were interviewed
What are the findings of Kendler et al's study into the biological causes of Bulimia?	MZ twins 26% concordance, DZ - 16%. Of the sample, there were 123 cases of bulimia - most of these p's also experienced other mental disorders at some point.
What are the conclusions of Kendler et al's study into the biological causes of Bulimia?	Strong genetic component in Bulimia. Lower heritablity estimate than for Anorexia.
What are the criticisms of Kendler et al's study into the biological causes of Bulimia?	(-) Contradictory findings - Bulik et al; (-) Twins may not be representative - lacks population validity.
What are the three biological explanations for Bulimia?	Genetic factors, Biochemical factors and Neuroanatomy.
What are the criticisms of the biological explanations of Bulimia?	(-) Cause or effect? (-) Research based on small samples.
What are the aims of Cutts and Barrios' study into the psychological causes of Bulimia?	Investigate whether a fear of weight gain is more prevalent in people with Bulimia.
What are the procedures of Cutts and Barrios' study into the psychological causes of Bulimia?	30 females aged 18-25 assigned to a bulimia sufferer or a control. Neutral story read out, story depicting weight gain read out - psychological responses measured.
What are the findings of Cutts and Barrios' study into the psychological causes of Bulimia?	Similar responses to the neutral scene. Those with bulimia had higher psychological activity when imagining the weight gain + higher subjective stress and higher overt behaviour.
What are the conclusions of Cutts and Barrios' study into the psychological causes of Bulimia?	Support the view that fear of weight gain may be a factor in Bulimia.
What are the criticisms of Cutts and Barrios' study into the psychological causes of Bulimia?	(+) Useful applications; (-) Extraneous variables.
What are the three psychological explanations of Bulimia?	Psychodynamic approach; Behavioural Approach; Cognitive approach.

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