68WM6 Ph 2 Test 2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
intense pain over a short duration | acute pain |
pain lasting longer than 6 months | chronic pain |
potent polypeptides composed of many amino acids found in the pituitary gland and other areas of the CNS that are activated by stress and pain | endorphins |
suggests that pain impulses are regulated and sometimes blocked by gating mechanisms located along the central nervous system | gate control theory |
this type of sleep is necessary for body tissue restoration and healthy cardiac function | non-rapid eye movement |
injurious to physical health | noxious |
allows patient to admister analgesia to self as needed | patient-controlled analgesia |
this type of sleep is necessary for brain and cognitive restoration | rapid eye movement |
pain felt at a site other than the injured or diseased organ or part of the body | referred pain |
the action of two or more substances or organs to achieve an greater effect than either could individually | synergistic |
orivudes a continuous mild electric current to the skin via electrodes that are attached to a stimulator by flexible wires | transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation |
pain scale where patient mars a spot on a horizontal line to indicate pain intensity | visual analog scale |
common causes of discomfort | anxiety, depression, distension, fatigue, fear, flatus, headach, incontinence, nausea, etc. |
McCaffery and Pasero's theory of pain | "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does" |
is pain subjective or objective in nature? | subjective |
according to the gate control theory, these factors can alter the passage of pain impulses into concious awareness | thoughts, feelings, memories |
the "fifth vital sign" | pain |
subjective data in pain assessment | site, severity, duration, and location |
objective data in pain assessment | tachycardia, increased respirationi rate, increased blood presssure, pallor, dilated pupils, increased muscle tension |
factors that can synergistically increase a patients perception of pain | fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression |
this type of analgesia inhibits prostaglandins and may block pain impulses in the CNS and perhipherally | nonopioids |
this form of analgesia probably relieves pain by action mainly in the CNS by binding to opioid receptor sites in the brain and the spinal cord | opioids |
a group of analgesics that relieves pain by a variety of mechanisms, many of which are not understood | adjuvant analgesics |
noninvasive approaches to pain control using cutaneous stimulation | heat, cold, massage, TENS |
noninvasive approaches to pain control by use of methods other than cutaneous stimulation | distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, hypnonsis, biofeedback |
invasive methods of pain control | nerve blocks, epidural analgesics, neurosurgical procedures, acupuncture |
three classes of medications used for analgesia | nonopioids, opioids, adjuvant analgesics |
similar to acupuncture, but uses pressure at specific points rather than needle stimulation | accupressure |
method of stimulating certain points on the body by the insertion of special needles to modify the preception of pain, normalize physiologic functions, or treat or prevent disease | accupuncture |
traditional or conventional western medicine | allopathic medicine |
include the same interventions as complementary therapies, but used as the primary treatment method rather than allopathis medicine | alternative therapies |
uses pure essential oils, produced from plants, to provide health benefits | aromatherapy |
noninvasive method of determining a patient's eruromuscular and autonomic nervous system response by measureing body functions (vitals) | biofeedback |
doctors of this undergo extensive training in manipulation of the musculoskeletal system | chiropractic therapy |
therapies used in addition to convetional treatment recommended by a person's health care provider | complementary therapies |
usually uses the whole plant and does not have any standardized doses | herbal therapy |
an approach to nursing that addresses and treats the mind, body, and spirit of the patient | holistic nursing |
use the concious mind to create mental images to evoke physical chahnges in the body, create a sense of improved wellbeing, and enhance selfawareness | imagery |
channels of energy | meridians |
sometimes derived from herbs but separate the active from inactive ingredients and have standardized dosagages; regulated by FDA | pharmaceuticals |
life force | qi |
this form of complementary/alternative medicine is based on the idea that it is possible to exert an effect on the entire body by applying pressure to specific areas on the feet | reflexology |
the state of a generalized decrease in cognitive, physiologic, or behavioral arousal | relaxation |
chinese martial arty using theory of opposites; improves strength, flexibility, coordination, agility, reaction time, sensitivity, and confidence | tai chi, or taiji |
massage performed by trained professionals to manipulate the soft tissues of the body and assist with healing | thereapeutic massage |
"yoke"; a combination of breathing exercises, physical postures, and meditation | yoga |
in this type of alternative/complementary therapy the manufacturere is not required by law to demonstrate the safety, efficacy, or quality of their product | herbal therapy |
these practitioners adjust the joints of the body by gentle manipulation to put the area back in proper alignment | chiropractors |
does a chiropractor prescribe medicine | no |
contraindications to aromatherapy | eczema, allergies, pregnancy |
contraindications to therapeutic massage | phlebitis, thrombosis, infectiouis disease |
in this complementary/alternative treatment, specific scents are used to relax, stimulate, improve digestion, increase hormone production, improve circulation, or improve memory | aromatherapy |
possible physiologic responses to magnet therapy | vasodilation, analgesic action, anti-inflammatory, relief of spasm, healing acceleration, reduce swelling |
contraindications to magnet therapy | pregnancy, pacemakers, insulin pumps, cochlear implants, electric blanket or heating pad, myasthenia gravis, hyperthyroidism |
harmful, unintended reaction to a drug administered at a normal dosage | adverse drug reaction |
a drug that produces a predictable response at the intended site of action | agonist |
severe, life threatening hypersensitivity reaction | anaphylactic shock |
a drug that will block the action of another drug | antagonist |
total area of the body exposed to the outside environment | body surface area |
medication achieved by placing a tablet between the cheek and the teeth or gum | buccal |
the ability of two drugs to coexist without any negative or positive drug interaction | compatibility |
the eventual total of incremental steps | cumulative |
bottom of the fraction | denominator |
a way of calculating drug dosage based on the dosage desired, conversion factor, dosage on hand | dimensional analysis |
the number of drops of solution required to produce 1 ml of fluid | drip factor |
modification of the effect of a drug when administered with another drug | drug interaction |
a drug given at any portion of the GI tract | enteral |
medication that is specially coated to keep it from being absorbed in the stomach | enteric coated |
outer terms of a proportion | extremes |
standard scale of measurement for needle diameter | gauge |
markings on a medicine cup or syringe indicating a specific amount | graduated |
an individual's unique hypersensitivity to a particular drug | idiosyncratic |
heparin or saline lock | intermittent venous access device |
the inside of the hollow shaft of a a hypodermic needle | lumen |
inner terms of a proportion | means |
curve formed by liquid's upper surface | meniscus |
a substance produced by metabolic action that results in the breakdown of a drug | metabolite |
unit for measuring the concentration of electrolytes in a certain volume of solution | milliequivalent |
top of a fraction | numerator |
any route of medication administration other than by digestive or percutaneous | parenteral |
the portion of a whole as an expression of how many hundredths (%) | percent |
medication administered through the skin or mucous membranes | percutaneous |
study of drugs and their action on the human body | pharmacology |
a drug increases the action or effect of another drug, also called synergism | potentiation |
the concept that the relationship between two ratios has equal value | proportion |
to crush into powder | pulverize |
the relationship of one number or quantity to another | ratio |
ungraduated disposable paper cup | souffle cup |
medication placed under the tongue | sublingual |
the dosage of a medication that is effective and beneficial | therapeutic |
reduced response to a drug over time | tolerance |
medication applied to the skin | topical applications |
the amount of a drug prescribed for the patient by the physician in a given amount of time or at a given frequency | drug dosage |
the smallest amount of a drug that produces a therapeutic effect | minimal dosage |
the amount of a drug that produces signs and symptoms of poisoning | toxic dosage |
the amount of a drug that will cause death | lethal dosage |
six rights of medication administration | medication, dose, time, route, patient, documentation |
factors that affect drug action in patients | age, weight, physical health, psychological status, temperature of environment, sex, amount of food in stomach, dosage form |
immediately; number one priority | stat |
as soon as possible, number three priority | asap |
give now; number two priority | now |
as necessary; can be requested by patient or given at the discretion of the nurse within specific parameters set by the physician | prn |
drugs that have a high possibility for abuse or addiction | controlled substance |
an order stated by the physician; must be signed withing 24 hours | verbal order |
verbal order given over the telephone | telephone order |
orders that arre already written by a physician for any patient on a particular unit or area; no need to confirm them with physician before taking action | standing order |
the largest amount of a drug that it is possible to give safely | maximal dosage |
how many times should medications be checked before administration? | three |
what is the correct method for identifying a patient before administering medication? | full name, date of birth |
when should medications be charted? | after administration |
what is the correct method for selecting an injection site? | anatomical landmarks |
whose responsiblility is it to ensure that a patient receives the correct medication ordered by the physician? | the nurse |
how many people are required to waste a controlled substance? | two |
what is the fastest method of medication administration? | parenteral |
what is the purpose of the z-track methos of injection? | to minimise irritation and tissue discoloration |
that are intradermal injections commonly used for? | skin testing |
viscous fluid that consists of plasma and formed elements | blood |
pH range of blood | 7.35-7.45 |
normal NaCl concentration in blood | 0.9% |
plasma proteins that help thicken and maintain blood volume | albumins |
plasma proteins that help protect the body from infection | globulins |
plasma proteins necessary for blood clotting | fibrinogen |
average adult blood volume | 4-6 L |
three granular leukocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
two nongranular leukocytes | lymphocytes, monocytes |
the three major formed elements of blood | RBC's, WBC's, and platelets |
substances transported in the blood | oxygen and CO2, nutrients, waste products, hormones |
elements of homeostasis regulated by blood | pH, water content, prevents blood loss, body temperature |
the part of the blood that is mostly responsible for transporting O2 | hemoglobin |
three elements of hemostasis (stopping hemorrhage) | vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, clot formation |
clear, straw colored portion of blood that is a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes | plasma |
smallest but most abundant plasma protein, important in maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure of blood | albumin |
indications for administration of whole blood | hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock |
indications for administration of fresh whole blood | multiple trasfusion, exchange transfusions, priming agent for hemodialysis |
indications for the administration of packed RBC's | danger of circulatory overload, anemia, low hemoglobin |
indications for the administration of washed RBC's (deglycerolized) | hypersensitivity reactions likely, immunosuppressed patient, history of reactions, bone marrow transplant patients |
indications for the administratioin of fresh frozen plasma | clottind deficiencies, for blood volume expansion (burns, shock, protein deficiency), warfarin overdose |
procedure in which blood is drawn off, cleansed, and returned to circulation | plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) |
indications for plasmapheresis | immune disorders, multiple myeloma, glomerulonephritis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis |
indications for the administration of granulocytes | low granulocytes |
indications for the administration of pooled platelets | thrompocytopenia, low platelet count, active bleeding |
indications for the administration of single donor platelets | thrombocytopenia, active bleeding, low platelets with history of febrile or allergic reactions |
indications for the administration of cryoprecipitate | hemophilia, fibrinogen deficiency, von Willebrand's diseaase |
indications for the administration of antihemophilic factor concentrate | hemophilia |
indications for the administration of factor IX complex | hemophilia B, clotting factor deficiency, warfarin overdose |
indications for the administration of plasma protein fraction | hypovolemic shock, protein replacement, burns, ARDS, dehydration, hypoalbuninemia |
indications for the administration of albumin | blood volume expansion, prevent and treat cerebral edema |
indications for the administration of gamma globulins | hepatitis exposure, mumps |
the physician's order for the administratioin of blood or blood product must contain... | type of component, volume, rate, any special conditions |
before infusion of blood products, the nurse must verify... | physician's order, patient consent form |
this type of transfusion reaction is caused by the administration of ABO incompatible blood | acute hemolytic |
signs and syptoms of acute hemolytic reaction | chills, fever, low back pain, flushing, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, vascular collapse |
this transfusion reaction is caused by sensitization to donor white blood cells, platelets, or plasma proteins | febrile, nonhemolytic |
signs and symptoms of febrile reaction | fever, chills, headache, flushing, anxiety, muscle pain |
this transfusion reaction is caused by sensitivity to foreign plasma proteins and results in flushing, itching, and hives | allergic |
this type of infusion reaction is caused by administration of fluid faster than circulation can accomodate, and results in cough, dyspena, pulmonary congestion, headache, hypertension, tachycardia, and distended neck veins | circulatory overload |
this transfusion reaction is the result of contaminated blood | sepsis |
what immediate reaction should the nurse take if he/she observes signs or symptoms of a transfusion reaction? | stop transfusion, administer saline, notify charge nurse or physician |
this vascular access device is inserted throught the chest wall into the subclavian vein, or through the neck into the internal jugular vein | PICC (perhipherally inserted central catheter) |
how long do PICC lines normally remain in place? | 7 days to 3 months |
these vascular access devices are implanted surgically through a subcutaneous tunnell | CVTC central venous tunneled catheter |
types of CVTC's | broviac, groshong, hickman |
you must use this type of needle to access implanted devices | huber needle |
how often should central line dressings be changed? | once at 24 hours, and then every seven days thereafter |
what does SASH stand for, in relation to medication administration through a VAD | saline, administer, saline, heparin |
complications of VAD's | infection, air embolism, occlusion, improper placement |
how must placement of a PICC or CVTC be verified? | xray |
what is the best position for the administration of oral medications? | upright, (fowlers, high fowlers) |
how much water should you used to flush the NG tube before and after administration of meds? | 30-50 mL |
where should you read the amount of a liquid medication? | at the meniscus |
these medications dissolve at room temperature | suppositories |
what is one essential piece of equipment before applying a topical medication to a patient? | gloves |
what is the correct placement of eye drops? | conjunctival sac |
how many drops can the conjunctival sac hold? | two, usually |
what should you ask the patient to do after the application of eye drops or ointment to speed absorption? | blink or move eyes |
what temperature should eardrops be at before applied? | room temperature |
which way should you pull a child's (under three) ear to straighten the auditory canal? | downward and back |
which way should you pull an adults ear to straighten the auditory canal? | upward and back |
what should you have your patient do before administering nasal sprays or drops? | blow nose gently |
how far from the mouth should an inhaler without spacer be held? | 1/2 to 1 inch |
how much does a tuberculin syring hold? | 1 mL |
how large should a syringe be (at a minimum) for use on a central line? | 10 mL |
what are insulin syringes calibrated to? | units |
how often should blood glucose be monitored for a patient on TPN? | every 6-8 hours |
how often should vital signs be monitored for a patient on TPN? | every 4-8 hours |
in blood transfusion, what flow rate should be set for the first 15 minutes? | 2mL/minute |
Created by:
ewoff85
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