| muscle |
cranial nerve |
muscle action |
| | | |
| velopharyngeal sphincter | X Vagus | protrudes and elevates pharyngeal wall--contributes to velopharyngeal closure |
| salpingopharyngeus | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | elevates pharynx |
| stylopharyngeus | IX glossopharyngeal | elevates & opens pharynx, esp. during swallowing |
| cricopharyngeal m. | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | seals/opens esophagus (must relax to swallow) |
| Superior, middle & Inferior pharyngeal constrictors | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | narrows pharynx |
| musculus uvulae | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | raises velum in superior & posterior direction, shortens/bunches uvula |
| levator veli palatini | pharyngeal plexus innervated by X & XI | raises velum |
| tensor veli palatini | V trigeminal | tenses velum (contributes to velopharyngeal closure) |
| superior longitudinal muscle | XII hypoglossal | raises tip of tongue |
| Inferior longitudinal muscle | XII hypoglossal | tip of tongue down |
| hyoglossus | XII hypoglossal | retracts or depresses tongue, elevates hyoid |
| chondroglossus | XII hypoglossal | depresses tongue |
| vertical lingual m. | XII hypoglossal | flattens and depresses tongue |
| genioglossus | XII hypoglossal | depresses, flattens tongue |
| anterior genioglossus | XII hypoglossal | retracts tongue tip |
| posterior genioglossus | XII hypoglossal | protrudes tongue |
| palatoglossus | X Vagus | elevates rear of tongue, pulls tongue back to groove, depresses velum forms anterior faucial pillar |
| digastric | V trigeminal & VII facial | depresses mandible or elevates hyoid |
| geniohyoid | XII hypoglossal | depresses mandible or elevates hyoid |
| mylohyoid | V trigeminal | depresses the mandible or elevates the hyoid |
| platysma | VII facial | depresses mandible, corner of mouth & wrinkles skin of neck and chin |
| lateral pterygoids | V trigeminal | protrudes mandible, also moves laterally, implicated in bruxism |
| medial pterygoids | V trigeminal | raises & protrudes mandible, also moves laterally |
| temporalis | V trigeminal | raises & retracts mandible, implicated in bruxism & teeth clenching, maintains rest position of jaw when upright |
| masseter | V trigeminal | strongest craniomandibular muscle, elevates mandible against maxilla, moves mandible laterally |
| mentalis | VII facial | elevates & wrinkles chin, protrudes lower lip |
| levator labii superior | VII facial | elevates upper lip |
| levator labii superioris alaeque nasi | VII facial | elevates upper lip, flares nostril |
| zygomatic minor | VII facial | elevates upper lip & dilates mouth opening |
| levator anguli oris | VII facial | elevates angle of upper lip--up and medially |
| zygomatic major | VII facial | draws corner of mouth up and back ("smile muscle") |
| depressor anguli oris | VII facial | depresses & retracts lower lip ("triangular muscle"), depresses corners of mouth |
| depressor labii inferior | VII facial | depresses lower lip |
| palatopharyngeus | pharyngeal plexus from X & XI | depresses velum or elevates larynx & pharynx, narrows faucial isthmus (forms post. faucial pillar) |
| transverse muscles | XII hypoglossal | narrows & lengthens, lifts sides of tongue |
| orbicularis oris | VII facial | puckers/closes mouth |
| risorius | VII facial | retracts corners of mouth |
| buccinator | VII facial | flattens cheek |
| styloglossus | XII hypoglossal | retracts tongue |
Beef Production
