Chap. - 25 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
most antiarrhythmics __ pulse rate and blood pressure | lower |
procainamide & quinidine can cause | tachycardia |
antiarrhythmic agents can __ existing arrhythmias or cause new arrhythmias | worsen |
when other cardiac drugs are administered concomitantly there can be an additive or __ effect | antagonistic |
propanolol (Inderal) & atenolol (Tenormin) are in the class of | beta-adrenergics blockers |
verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) are in the class of | calcium channel blockers |
disopyramide (Norpace), quinidine, & procainamide (Pronestyl) all have __ mechanism of action | similar |
antihypertensives do not __ hypertension | cure |
antihypertensives only __ hypertension | control |
if antihypertensive medication is stopped, blood pressure will return to __ __ to those before treatment w/medication | levels similar |
defined as systolic range 120-139 and diastolic 80-89; new category to identify patients who are at higher cardiovascular risk based on BP | pre-hypertension |
lifestyle changes are the only management of blood pressure at the | pre-hypertension stage |
most frequently prescribed diuretic for high blood pressure. | hydrochlorathiazide |
peripheral vasodilator | hydralazine (Apresoline) |
central-acting alpha-adrenergic agent | methyldopa (Aldomet) |
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | enalapril (Vasotec) & lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) |
calcium channel blocker | amiodipine (Norvasc) |
beta-adrenergic blocker | metoprolol (Lopressor) |
thiazide diuretic | hydrochlorathiazide (HydroDIURIL) |
cardiac glycoside; administration PO: tablets, liquid-filled capsules; elixir; intermediate duration; trade name for digoxin | Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps |
cardiac glycoside; administration: IV, dosage varies; maximum dose 0.125mg (long-term in older adults) | digoxin |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO, 50mg/day or IV 5-10mg; beta blocker; trade name for atenololª | Tenormin |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO, 10-30mg/3-4x/day or IV 0.5-3mg; beta blocker; trade name for propranololª | Inderal |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO, 240-480mg or IV 2.5-10mg; calcium channel blocker; trade name for verapamilª | Isoptin, Calan |
antiarrhythmic; administration IM or IV diluted (check IV dilution directions); local anesthetic-type; trade name for lidocaine | Xylocaine |
antiarrhythmic; administration IV or PO dose varies; antiarrhythmic & vasodilator; for Medication Guide now required; trade name for amiodarone | Cordarone |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO dose varies IV/IM for emergency; local anesthetic, anticholinergic; trade name for procainamide | Pronestyl, Procanbid |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO 150-300mg q8h; membrane stabilizer for ventricular arrhythmias; trade name for propafenone | Rythmol |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO 225-425mg q12h; membrane stabilizer for ventricular arrhythmias; trade name for propafenone | Rythmol SR |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO tabs, ER, IV, IM dose varies; myocardial depressant, anticholinergic | quinidine |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO 150mg q6h; myocardial depressant, anticholinergic properties, not for older adults; trade name for disopyramide | Norpace |
antiarrhythmic; administration PO 300mg q12h; myocardial depressant, anticholinergic properties, not for older adults; trade name for disopyramide | Norpace CR |
atenololª, propranololª, & verapamilª: the (ª) denotes contraindications for patients with | other heart conditions |
are contraindicated for patients w/bradycardia, heart block, & CHF | beta blockers |
adrenergics (i.e. epinephrine/isoproterenol), anticholinergics, & tricyclic antidepressants are __ of beta blockers | antagonists |
diuretics & other hypertensives (i.e. calcium channel blockers) as well as phenothiazine/other tranquilizers, potentiate the __ effect of propranolol | hypotensive |
cimetidine (Tagamet) will __ __ of propranolol | slow metabolism |
use of propranolol with other cardiac drugs (i.e. quinidine) may potentiate __ effects | toxic |
when used with propranolol, they may precipitate hypotension, dizziness, confusion, &/or sedation | alcohol, muscle relaxants, & sedatives |
are contraindicated for patients w/heart block (causes bradycardia), severe heart failure,hypotension, certain arrhythmias, or angina | calcium channel blockers |
calcium channel blockers when used w/other cardiac drugs (i.e.) digoxin) can potentiate __ & __ effects | good; adverse |
calcium channel blockers have a(n) __ __ w/barbiturates, salicylates, phenytoin/rifampin, & lithium | antagonistic effect |
calcium channel blockers, when taken w/diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, & quinidine, | potentiate hypotensive effect |
adverse effects are potentiated when calcium channel blockers are taken with | grapefruit juice |
occur in nature or can be prepared synthetically; act directly on myocardial contractions; primarily used in treatment of CHF | cardiac glycosides |
cardiac glycosides are called __ because they strengthen the heartbeat | cardiotonic |
cardiac glycosides are sometimes used w/antiarrhythmic agents to slow heart rate in certain kinds of __ or atrial fibrillation/flutter | tachycardia |
in patients w/CHF cardiac glycosides act by increasing force of __ __ w/out increasing O2 consumption, thereby increasing cardiac output | cardiac contractions |
result of cardiac glycosides increasing efficiency of the heart, the heart beats slowly, __ __, & diuretic action decreases edema | size shrinks |
most commonly used cardiac glycosides are | digitalis products |
most commonly used digitalis product digoxin (Lanoxin) is used because administration available orally/parenterally & has | intermediate duration of action |
process of establishing correct therapuetic dose of digitalis for maintaining optimal functioning of heart w/out toxic effects | digitalization |
careful monitoring of cardiac rate/rhythm w/EKG, cardiac function, side effects, & blood digitalis is required to determine __ __ __ of digitalis | therapuetic maintenance dose |
checking the __ __ before administering digitalis is an important part of the monitoring process | apical pulse |
if apical pulse rate is below 60, digitalis should be | withheld until physician consulted |
includes variety of drugs that act in different ways to suppress various types of cardiac arrhythmias, incl atrial/ventricular tachycardias, atrial fibrillation/flutter, & arrhythmias that occur w/digitalis toxicity or during surgery & anesthesia | antiarrhythmic agents |
assessment of type of arrhythmia, frequency, cardiac/renal/other pathological condition(s), & current signs/symptoms are factors in the __ of antiarrhythmic agent | choice |
most of the antiarrhythmic agents have potential for __ BP & __ heartbeat | lowering; slowing |
signs of hypotension & bradycardia, when antiarrhythmic agents are administered, can lead to | cardiac arrest |
antiarrhythmic agents which may cause tachycardia, instead of intended effects of slowing heart rate | procainamide & quinidine |
when other cardiac drugs are administered w/antiarrhythmic agents concomitantly, cardiac effects may be | additive or antagonistic |
antiarrhythmic agents can __ existing arrhythmias or cause new arrhythmias | worsen |
very important, for patients taking antiarrhythmic agents, especially for hyperkalemia | electrolyte surveillance |
combat arrhythmias by inhibiting adrenergic (sympathetic) nerve receptors | beta-adrenergic blockers |
non-selective beta-blocker, effective in mngmt. of some arrhythmias & loss effective w/others; used in treatment of hypertension & some forms of chronic angina | propranolol (Inderal) |
selective beta-antagonist, used w/caution & in low doses may be used in patients w/lung conditions that cause bronchospasms | atenolol (Tenormin) |
counteract arrhythmias by suppressing action of calcium in contraction of heart muscle, thereby reducing cardiac excitability & dilating main coronary arteries | calcium channel blockers |
calcium channel blockers are used in treatment of | angina & hypertension |
antiarrhythmic similar to procainamide & quinidine, which is a synthetic agent that decreases myocardial excitability, inhibits conduction, & may depress myocardial contracitility | disopyramide (Norpace) |
disopyramide (Norpace) has significant __ properties | anticholinergic |
2nd choice behind alternative agents (i.e. IV amiodarone) for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias | lidocaine |
primarily used as prophylactic therapy to maintain normal rhythm after conversion by other methods; usually administered orally in antiarrhythmic therapy | procainamide (Pronestyl) |
procainamide (Pronestyl) __ anticholinergic properties | possess |
one of oldest antiarrhythmic agents; acts by decreasing myocardial excitability & may depress myocardial contracitility | quinidine (Quinaglute, Cardioquin) |
quinidine (Quinaglute, Cardioquin) is used primarily in __ therapy | prophylactic |
defines as SBP of >140 or DBP of >90 | hypertension |
strong & consistent relationship between BP and | risk of cardiovascular disease |
increases risk of MI, heart failure, stroke, & kidney disease; requires aggressive treatment | high BP |
patients w/pre-hypertension are at a higher risk for developing __ hypertension in later years | sustained |
purpose of __ __ is to encourage patients to initiate/continue healthy lifestyle practices, rather than antihypertensive drug therapy | pre-hypertension classification |
medications used in treatment/mngmt. of all degrees of hypertension | antihypertensives |
if antihypertensives are to be DC, dosage should be gradually reduced, as abrupt withdrawal can cause | rebound hypertension |
stages of hypertension | mild, moderate, severe |
stage of hypertension, other physical factors (esp. other cardiac/renal complications), & effectiveness are the factors that determined | antihypertensive agent prescribed |
antihypertensive side effects are common & __ __ signs must be monitored closely | vital signs |
most common side effect of antihypertensive agents is | hypotension, postural |
side effect common to many of the antihypertensive agents | bradycardia |
antihypertensive agent which causes tachycardia | hydralazine (Apresoline) |
lowers BP by decreasing vasoconstriction; no significant changes in heart rate/cardiac output | ACE inhibitors |
good choice for patients w/ other serious conditions, incl. heart failure, diabetes, renal disease, & cerebrovascular disease | ACEIs |
ACEIs can be used for patients w/hypertension & nephropathy because they __ __ of the renal disease | slow progression |
side effect of ACEIs can be __ so requires monitoring of serum potassium levels periodically | hyperkalemia |
ACEIs taken w/diuretics can potentiate __; watch BP closely | hypotension |
ACEIs taken w/NSAIDs & salicylates antagonize effects of ACEIs & increase | deterioration of renal function |
similar to ACEIs but they both block hormone causing vasocontriction they interrupt different sites | ARBs |
losartan (Cozaar) & valsartan (Diovan) block effects of __, decreasing BP w/out marked change in heart rate | angiotensin II |
low dose thiazide diuretics w/ARBs significantly improves | hypertensive efficacy |
side effects include dizziness, URIs & hyperkalemia | angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) |
central-acting alpha-adrenergic agent used for moderate-severe hypertension; administered w/diuretic; drug of choice for hypertension is pregnant women because of safety for fetus | methyldopa (Aldomet) |
peripheral vasodilator, sometimes used for treating moderate-severe hypertension (esp. w/CHF) because increases heart rate & cardiac output; generally used w/another hypotensive agent & diuretic | hydralazine |
tachycardia/palpations, orthostatic hypotension, & edema/weight gain are | side effects of hydralazine |
patients w/systematic lupus erythematous, renal disease, coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease hydralazine drug therapy is | contraindicated |
hydralazine used in pregnancy is normally contraindicated, although many regards as hypertensive of choice during | preeclampsia |
central-acting alpha-adrenergic agent; used mainly to treat hypertension, but also successful in nicotine/opiate withdrawal, vascular headaches, glaucoma, ulcerative colitis, Tourette's. & pain mngmt for severe pain in cancer patients | clonidine (Catapres) |
peripheral-acting alpha-adrenergic blocker; primary use to treat hypertension; other agents in its class used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) | Prazosin (Minipres) |
medications used in treatment of angina, to dilate coronary arteries & stop attacks, or control frequency when administered prophylactically | coronary vasodilators |
insufficient blood supply to part of the body | ischemia |
ischemia can results in | acute pain |
most common type of angina | pectoris |
chest pain resulting from decreased blood supply to heart muscle; obstruction/constriction of coronary arteries | angina pectoris |
nitrates, beta-blockers, & calcium channel blockers are the coronary vasodilators used in __ & __ mngmt of angina | treatment; prophylactic |
nitrates most commonly used for relief of acute angina pectoris, as well as for long-term prophylactic mngmt are | nitroglycerin & isosorbide (Isordil, Sorbitrate) |
if initial single dose of nitroglycerin doesn't provide relief during acute attack, additional tablets may be administered at 5min intervals but no more than 3 doses given in | 15 min period |
Created by:
lfrancois
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