Ch 10: Geology/Soil Word Scramble

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Ch 10: Geology/Soil

APES Geology & Soil

Question	Answer
Mount St. Helens taught reporters what	Succession can occur quickly (10 yrs)
Slowest cycle on Earth	Rock cycle
Rock that fors from magma wellig up from upper mantle, cooling, and hardening into rock	Igneous Rock
Forms when preexisting rocks are weathered, eroded, transported, and deposited then compacted	Sedimentary
Most popular type of rock	Sedimentary
Mechanical weathering	Major type
Chemical weathering	Rock decomposed by chemical reactons resulting in products chemically different from the original material, most rapidly in tropics (higher temp & precipitation)
Ligimite & bituminous coal are which type of rock	Sedimentary
Metamorphic	Preexisting rock is subjected to high temps, high pressures, chemically active fluids—pressure & heat squish rocks together
Soil	Complex mixture of eroded rock, minerals, decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms
What type of biomes have best soil and are converted into farmland	Grasslands & cleared deciduous forests
Horizon	Horizontal layer in coil
Soil Profile	All the horizons
O Horizon	Top layer
O Horizon has the ______	Leaf litter (decaying leaves, waste, fungi, etc.)
A Horizon’s nickname	Topsoil layer
A Horizon contains ___	Humus—mixture of inorganic & organic material
Why is surface litter important	1)habitat, 2) ground cover (“nature’s blanket”), 3) Provides a dark, moist area for seeds to germinate, 4) maintains soil’s moisture, 5) Contributes to production of humus, 6) reduces soil erosion
Why is humus important	1)helps topsoil hold water, 2) prevents sol compaction, 3) improves soil aeration (O2), 4) improves soil porosity, 5) Stabilizes pH in soil*
In which horizon do most roots & micro-organisms reside in	A Horizon,
What’s the average of topsoil worldwide	6-8 inches
What does a dark vs. light color mean for soil	High vs. low nitrogen/organic nutrients/organic matter (dark is better)
B Horizon contains most of soil’s ______	Mineral matter—mixture of sand, silt, clay & gravel
C Horizon arose from ___	Bedrock weathered to give rise to parents material
C Horizon’s nickname	Parent rock
Soil texture	Amount of different sizes and types of minerals
What most directly determines porosity	Soil texture
Clay	Smallest particles, good water holding capacity,
Silt	Transported by rivers, 2nd smallest, lots of nutrients
Sand	3rd smallest, good infiltration & aeration
Gravel	Largest, bunch of different rocks
Way to remember soil sizes	Carly’s silicone sags greatly
Loams	Equal amounts of sand, silt, humus, and clay; good for crops
Soil Structure	How soil is organize & clumped together
Soil porosity	Measure of volume of pores/spaves in soil
Soil Permeability	Rate at which water moves thru soil
Infiltration	Downward movement of water through soil
Leaching	As water moves down, it carries nutrients to lower layers
Acidic soil pH range	Below 5.5
Add what to acidic soil	Lime
Basic is the same as _____	Alkaline
Add what to basic soil	Sulfur & water (H2SO4)
Basic soil pH	Above 7.5
What acidifies soils	Burning fossil fuels causes acid rain, H ions replace other cations in soil like K, Ca, Mg, NH4-, so soils become infertile
The core is made of ___	Iron
Outermost part of mantle is/isn’t partially melted rock	IS NOT
Most nonrenewable resources are found where	Crust
Athenosphere	Plastic region in mantle
T/F: Plate tectonics are composed of crust & core	F
What causes an earthquake	Creation of fault (fracture in rock) or shifting along an existing fault
Soil Erosion	Movement of soul from one place to another
How long does it take soil be made per inch	1 inch/200-1000 yrs
Major erosion agent	Flowing water
Sheet Erosion	Surface water moves down a slope in a wide flow & peels off uniform sheets of layers in soil
Rill Erosion	Surface water moves quickly and forms small channels in soil
Gully Erosion	Small rills join together to make gullies of ditches
Wind does/doesn’t cause erosion	Does
What does man do to erode soil	Construction, overgrazing, logging, farming, off wheel four-wheeling
Turbidity	Number of suspended solids in water…MAJOR form of pollution*
Is soil a potentially renewable resource	Yes
What caused the US to set up Soil Conservation Service (SCS)	1935 Erosion Act
Leeching is a big problem where	Tropical rainforests
Desertification	Production of land falls 10% or more
Moderate vs. Servere Desertification	10-25% vs. 25-50%
Overgrazing, deforestation w/o reforestation, surface mining w/o reclamation, bad irrigation techniques, salinization, waterlogging leave topsoil vulnerable to ____	Erosion
Salinization	Irrigation water evaporates and eaves dissolved minerals (salts) that build up and make soil TOXIC
Waterlogging	Increased water in soil from irrigation causing water table to rise
Conservation tillage Farming	Minimum soil disturbed
Terracing	Steep slopes get terraced, retains water, prevents erosion
Contour farming	Plating crops in rows at 90 degree angles across the slope of the land
Strip Cropping	Alternate rows of crops (corn, legumes, corn, legumes, etc)
Alley Cropping’s synonym	Argo forestry
Argo forestry	Crop, trees, crop, trees
Gully reclamation	Reseed, dam up, and fill with silt, plant, and redidect water
Windbreaks/Shelterbelts	Rows of trees that break up winds on plains
PAM	Polyacrylamide—binds soil to clay to prevent erosion, con: labor-intensive
Organic fertilizer’s drawback	Labor-intensive
Types of organic fertilizer	Animal manure, green manure, compost, crp rotation
Compost	Alternate layers of green & brown waste, worms speed process
Animal Manure	Animal shtt, spreads diseases, labor intensive,
Green Manure	Taking remaining stalks & waste and letting it rot in the soil to increase humus for next crop
Crop rotation	Different crops in different spots in different years—increase fertility, reduce erosion, reduce pests. Con: unpleasant odor
Inorganic Fetilizer	NPK
Fertilizer bag with numbers 10-12-15 at top, what do they mean	10% nitrogen, 12% phosphate, 15% potash
Advantages f inorganic fertilizer	Easily stored, transported, applied, more economical, increase crop yield/productivity
Prevention of soil erosion	Landscape areas with natural vegetation, compost bins, use paved walkways/provided trails
Disadvantages of Inorganic fertilizer?	Doesn’t add humus (allows for soil compaction, decreased water holding capacity, lower O2), large amounts of E to produce, release greenhouse gas N20 (Nitrous Oxide), causes water pollution-cultural eutrophication

Created by: kittycrunk on 2009-11-15