2 - Pharm (11/11) Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
What are the extended spectrum penicillins? | Ampicillin and Amoxicillin |
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are usually used in combination with what? | Beta-lactamase inhibiotors (Clavulanate & Sulbactam) |
What are the Beta-lactamase inhibitors? | Clavulanate & Sulbactam |
How do Beta-lactamase inhibitors work? | through competitive inhibition of Beta-lactamase |
Are Beta-lactamase inhibitors antibiotics? | No, penicillinase has a higher affinity for clavulanic acid than penicillin, thus penicillin is freed to act against bacteria |
What are the 3 Methods of Penicillin resistance? | 1. Destroy the antibiotic(B-lactamase) 2. Decrease entry (porins) 3. Reduce affinity to PBPs (modification) |
What are the narrow spectrum pnicillins? | Penicillin G and Penicillin V |
Which penicillin is penicillinase resistant? | Nafcillin |
What is a Cephalosporin? | An antibiotic which is less usuceptible to penicillinases - Disrubts the synthesis of peptidoglycan |
How does the nucleus of penicillin differ from that of cephalosporin? | Cephalosporins have a dihydrothiazine ring Penicillins have a thiazolidine ring |
How do first generation cephalosporins differ from 2nd, 3rd, & 4th generations? | 1st generation: primarily acitve agianst gram+others act more against gram- (some gram+) |
Why are Cephalosporins helpful? | 1. Can be used against penicillin resistant bacteria 2. Are more stable than penicillins 3. Less toxic |
Vancomycin can be used against what types of bacteria? | 1. Gram+ 2. penicillin or methicillin resistant 3. Pseudomembranous colitis |
Red man syndrom is a result of what? | Rapid infusion (toxicity) of vancomycin |
What are the three primary catagories of protein synthesis inhibitors? | 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Tetracyclines 3. Macrolides |
What type of protein inhibitor is erythromycin? | Macrolide |
What type of protein inhibitor is streptomycin? | Aminoglycosides |
What are the sizes of prokaryotic ribosomes? | 30S & 50S |
What are the Aminoglycosides? | 1. Gentamicin 2.Neomycin 3. Streptomycin 4. Tobramycin 5. Amikacin |
What are the Tetracyclines? | Doxycycline & Tetracycline |
Which protein inhibitors are semisynthetic, reversible (bacteriostatic), and have a broad spectrum? | Tetracyclines |
What are the Macrolides? | Erythromycin & Clarithromycin |
Which prokaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor does not fit whithin the major three catagories? | Chloramphenicol |
Which protein inhibitors act against the 30S ribosomal subunit? | Aminoglycans & Tetracyclines |
Which protien inhibitors act against the 50S ribosomal subunit? | Macrolides & Chloramphenicol |
Aminoglycosides are primarily used for: | 1. Gram-negative aerobes 2. Tobical treatments or gastroenteritis (poor absorption / not metabolized) |
How are Aminoglycosides distinguished? | By antibacterial spectrum |
How are tetracyclines distinguished? | By pharmacokinetics |
Tetracyline toxicity results in what? | 1. Teeth discoloration 2. Nephrotoxicity 3. Hepatotoxicity |
Macrolides are effective agains what? | Respiratory tract pathogens |
How does chloramphenicol interact with the body? | Well absobed and is able to cross BBB |
Toxicity of chloramphenicol results in what? | Anemia (may be irreversible)- only use if absolutely necessary |
What are Antifolates? | Antibacterial drugs that prevent folic acid metabolization to THF (inhibits DHFR) |
What are the antifolates? | Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim |
What are Fluoroquinolones? | Antibacterial drugs that preven bacterial DNA from unwinding |
Ciprofloxcin belongs to what catagory of antibacterial agents? | Fluoroquinolones |
What are polymyxins? | Antibiotics which disrupt cell membrane by interacting with phopholipids |
Why are trimethoprim are sulfamethoxazole used together? | Produce synergistic action (more effective against a variety of infections)same toxicity as when seperate |
Fluoroquinolone toxicity results in what? | Joint disease in the young and interference with caffeine metabolism |
What four factors are involved in chosing the right antibacterial agent? | 1. Host factors (pregnancy, renal function)2. Antimicrobial activity (mild vs severe) 3. Pharmacokinetics (target tissue) 4. Toxicity (risk/benifit ratio) |
Created by:
VCOM2013
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