| Question |
Answer |
| cell | the basic unit of living organisms. |
| virus is a cell or not a cell? | not a cell |
| why isn't virus a cell | cuz it can't provide its own energy or proteins and needs a host. It has genetic materials with protective covering, can infect a host like bacterias, plants, and animals. |
| big, general statement about cells. | All cells are made up of the same kinds of macromolecules |
| List the macromolecules | 1. polysacchrides 2. DNA (deoxiribonucleic acid; stores information as genes) and RNA (ribonucleic acid; use to transfer information from gene to protein) 3. lipids 4. proteins |
| what are the six most important atoms in living cells | 1. sulfur 2. Oxygen 3. hydrogen 4. phosphorus 5.nitrogen 6. carbon |
| list the types of chemical bonds | 1. covalent bonds 2. non-covalent bonds |
| tell me about covalent bond | 1. strong bond 2. hold the atoms in the molecule together (intra-molecular) 3. single or double bond |
| tell me about non-covalent bond | 1. including ionic bond and van de waal, 2. weaker than covalent bond 3. helps stablize the 3D structure of the molecule (intra-molecular bonding) 4. helps molecules bind to other molecules (intermolecular bonding)5. important in biomolecules. |
| rank the strength of bonds from highest to lowest | 1. covalent bond 2 ionic bond 3 H-bonding 4.hydrophobic interactions 5 van der wall |
| H-bonding (what type of force? when is it formed? its importance? ) | 1 noncovalent bond 2. H is sanwiched between two electro negative atoms like N-H---O or O-H---N BUT the atoms are neutral 3. important for high structures polymers like RNA, double strand of DNA, and secondary structure of proteins, water properties |
| Hydrophobic interactions (what) | 1. The force that causes nonpolar portion of molecule to stay away from water. "the enemy of my enemy is my friend) |
| Van der waal forces | 1. weak attraction force between neutral molecules 2. repel when they are too closed 3. attraction decrease as distance increases. "2 ppl attract at first, but after getting too close, one finds out the other is not attractive at all and want to get away" |
| ionic bond (how to recognize it) | when you see a + next to a -. The only force with charges actually. |
| how protein works | by binding to other molecules called ligands or substrates: ions, sugar, proteins, DNA, RNA. |
| enzyme has suffix | _ase |
| proteins that catalyze reactions called? | enzymes |
| how does enzyme work? | it lowers the activation energy, and it is highly specific. |
| relationship between Vmax and enzyme | the higher the Vmax the more active the enzyme. |
| what's K_m | the substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax. |
| relationship between K_m and enzyme | the lower the K-m, the higher the enzyme-substrate affinity (better the enzyme) |
| antigen | foreign materials |
| characteristics of DNA strains | 1 double helix 2. right hand 3 anti parallel4. held together by H bonding betweent the bases and hydrophobic stacking interactions between the base pairs on same strain. |
| DNA replication is famous to be | semiconservative |
| what does semiconservative mean? | one parent strand is kept in the new daughter strand. |
| who tested the simiconservative hypothesis? | meselson stahl |
| features of DNA replication? | see lecture 5 |
| direction of DNA synthesis | 5' to 3' |
| where will replication begins? | 1. prokaryotes: at one place called replicon |
mr. charles11
