A&P II Lesson 1 & 2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects. T/F | False |
Direct gene activation involves a second messenger system. | False |
Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters. | True |
The thyroid gland is embedded in the parathyroid tissue. | False |
The thyroid glad is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual. | True |
All peptide hormone synthesis require gene activation that produces mRNA. | True |
All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis ACTH, FSH, LH. | True |
The anterior pituitary secretes all but | Antidiuretic Hormone |
The release of hormones from the adenohypophysis is controlled by secretions of the: | Hypothalamus |
The _______ gland declines in size and function with age. | Thymus |
The _______ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity. | Pineal |
The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is | Thyroid |
Produces the hormones that promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty. | Ovaries |
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. | Posterior pituitary. |
Produces the hormones that direct the production of secondary sex characteristics in males. | Testes |
Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and moneralcorticoids. | Adrenal Glands |
Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ. | Hypothalamus |
The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenisis. | True |
ACTH stimulates the adrenal medulla to release corticosteroid hormones. | False |
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. | True |
Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system. | False |
Type II diabetes lacks insulin activity. | True |
The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. | False |
Aldosterone is the most potent mineralcorticoid produced but the least abundant. | False |
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effect through intracellular: | Second Messengers |
Which of the following is NOT a principal class of hormones? | Glycolipids |
_____ hormones are derived from cholesterol. | Cholesterol |
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the target organ also known as _________. | Upregulation |
"Moon face," "buffalo hump" on the back, a hanging abdomen, and bruises easily are characteristics of the disorder known as | Cushing Syndrome |
Acromegally is the result of hypersecretion of growth hormones. | True |
Calcitonin has which of the following characteristics? | It helps maintain the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate in the blood. |
Catecolamines are produced by the chromaffin cells. | True |
Which of the following is NOT a function or characteristic of glucocorticoids? | They encourage connective tissue regeneration. |
Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, | the steroids and the amino acid-based molecules |
located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus | thyroid gland |
found close to the kidney | adrenal gland |
pancreas | ? |
Name two endocrine glands (or regions) that are important for the stress response and explain why they are important. | testes |
ride “horseback” on the thyroid gland | parathyroid |
found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production | ovaries |
found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth | thymus |
found in the roof of the third ventricle | pineal body |
programming of T lymphocytes | thymosin in thymus gland |
regulate blood calcium levels | 1st Hormone PTH in parathyroid glands2nd Hormone thyrocalcitonin/calcitonin in thyroid gland |
released in response to stressors | 1st Hormone cortisone in adrenal cortex2nd Hormone epinephrine in adrenal medulla |
drive development of secondary sexual characteristics | estrogens in ovaries & testosterone in testes |
regulate the function of another endocrine gland | 1st ACTH in anterior pituitary2nd FSH in anterior pituitary3rd LH in anterior pituitary4th TSH in anterior pituitary |
mimics the sympathetic nervous system | epinephrine in adrenal medulla |
regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland | 1st glucagon in pancreas2nd insulin in pancreas |
directly responsible for the menstrual cycle | 1st estrogens in ovaries2nd progesterone in ovaries |
regulate the ovarian cycle | 1st FSH in anterior pituitary2nd LH in anterior pituitary |
maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF | 1st ADH in hypothalamus2nd aldosterone in adrenal cortex |
directly involved in milk production and ejection | 1st oxytocin in hypothalamus2nd prolactin in anterior pituitary |
questionable function; may stimulate the melanocytes of the skin | 1st MSH in anterior pituitary |
ADH Stimulated by | the nervous system |
aldosterone stimulated by | humoral factors |
estrogens stimulated by | another hormone |
insulin stimulated by | humoral factors |
norepinephrine stimulated by | the nervous system |
parathyroid hormone stimulated by | humoral factors |
T4 / T3 stimulated by | another hormone |
testosterone stimulated by | another hormone |
TSH, FSH stimulated by | another hormone |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts: sexual immaturity | estrogen, testosterone |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts: tetany | PTH |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts: excessive diuresis without high blood glucose levels | ADH |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts:polyurea, polyphagia, and polydipsia | insulin |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts: abnormally small stature, normal proportions | growth hormone (GH) |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts: miscarriage | progesterone |
Name the hormone(s) produced in inadequate amounts: lethargy, hair loss, low BMR, obesity | T4/T3 |
hormone(s) produced in excessive amounts: lantern jaw and large hands and feet in the adult | growth hormone (GH) |
hormone(s) produced in excessive amounts: bulging eyeballs, nervousness, increased pulse rate | T4/T3 (thyroid hormone) |
hormone(s) produced in excessive amounts: demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures | PTH |
Hormone produced by: parafollicular cells of the thyroid | calcitonin |
Hormone produced by: follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid | T4/T3 |
Hormone produced by: beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) | insulin |
Hormone produced by: alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) | glucagon |
Hormone produced by: basophil cells of the anterior pituitary | TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH |
Hormone produced by: zona fasciculata cells | glucocorticoids |
Hormone produced by: zona glomerulosa cells | mineralocorticoids |
Hormone produced by: chief cells | PTH |
Hormone produced by: acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary | GH, prolactin |
A hormone that regulates gamete production. | FSH |
Steroids or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood, which arouse tissues. | Hormones |
These produce testosterone. | Testes |
Its primary function is to control the rate of body meta- bolism and cellular oxidation. | TH |
Synthesize insulin. | Pancreas |
Consists of two functional areas: the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis. | Pituitary Gland |
Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and release epinephrine and norepinephrine. | Adrenal Medulla |
Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. | ACTH |
One of the hormones that stimulates breast develop- ment and promotes and maintains lactation after child- birth. | Prolactin |
A hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that enables the body to resist long term stress. | Glucocorticoid |
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of: | Cortisol |
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular: | Second messengers |
Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism | Oxytocin: |
ometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as: | Down-regulation |
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because: | It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release |
Steroid hormones exert their action by: | Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene |
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by: | Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP |
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to: | Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily in to target cells |
The major targets of growth hormone are: | Bones and skeletal muscles |
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | The heart |
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to: | Cortisol |
The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is: | Aldosterone |
Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action? | Calmodulin |
Select the correct statement about hormonal structure or function. | An amino acid derivative can be a hormone. |
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as: | Up-regulation |
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone? | Liver |
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? | It does not require a second messenger to effect a response |
Catecholamines and/or peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells that comprise target organs. This binding causes: | Adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP. |
Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by: | Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure |
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones? | Calcium |
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christopherdietrich
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