FSHN 360- Final Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
Willpower | limited resource, but everyone has it |
Microbiota controls | appetite, energy, glucose/lipid metabolism, inflammation |
SCFAs microbiota | butyrate; anti-inflammatory anorexigenic |
Leading cause of death for men/women & most ethnicities | heart disease |
___ Americans have at least one of | 50%; high BP, high LDL, smoking |
CAD risk factors (2) | type two diabetes, post menopausal (others) |
Inactive adults, what percentage have CHD risk factors? | 53% |
What affects cardiovascular health factors most? | diet |
LDL | cholesterol transport |
HDL | reverse transport |
Average %kcal from added sugars adolescents | 16% |
__ of all instances of CHD occur in individuals ___ overt dyslipidemia | half, without |
3 plasma biomarkers CHD | C-reactive protein, homocysteine, lipoprotein A |
C-reactive protein aka | hs-CRP |
C-reactive protein is a marker of | inflammation (so atherosclerosis and thrombosis) |
Homocysteine is a biomarker of (3) | platelet aggregation, inflammation, oxidation of LDL |
Lipoprotein a is a biomarker of | myocardial infarction/angina |
Fortified sources of plant sterols | spreads, orange juice, butter |
Precision | reproducibility |
Accuracy | validity |
Children usually have high___ BP if high BP | diastolic |
HTN adults | normal, pre, stage 1, stage 2 |
HTN children | CDC percentiles for sex, age, height |
Nutrients associated with lowering sat/trans fat, cholesterol (5) | protein, fiber, potassium, magnesium, calcium |
High sodium considered an ___ cause of ____ | indirect, obesity |
High sodium intake associated with (3) in adolescents | adiposity, leptin, tumor necrosis factor a |
Adults with diabetes are ___x more likely to have ____ | 2-4x, heart disease/stroke |
Integrative medicine diabetes | address the whole person |
Diabetes microvascular disease (3) | retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy |
4 classes of diabetes | gestational, 1, 2; due to causes like genetics, pancreas, diseases |
3 symptoms of DM | polyuria, polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger) |
HbA1c | 2-3 months; glycated hemoglobin |
Cutoff for diabetes | >126 mg/dL |
3 targets for diabetes treatment | improve insulin action, lower GI glucose absorption, improve insulin secretion |
Bone strength | density and quality |
Bone strength density | 70% of variation, amount of bone loss |
Bone strength quality | 30% variation, accumulation of damage to bone |
Two types of bone | cortical/compact and trabecular/cancellous |
Turnover rate is faster in ___ bone | trabecular |
Osteoporosis classifications | primary= age; secondary= lifestyle |
Medications that cause osteoporosis (2) | glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants |
Vitamin A osteoporosis | too much retinol bad, but has role in borrowing/depositing calcium in bone |
Vitamin K osteoporosis | calcium regulation, low levels associated w/ low bone density |
Caffeine promotes ____ excretion in urine | calcium |
Two measures of bone density | DEXA, QUS |
QUS | quantitative ultrasound (high frequency sound through bone), heel bone (does not measure mineral content, just bone mass) |
Biochemical tests | objective and quantitative assessment of nutritional status (detect deficits before clinical signs and symptoms) |
Static test | direct (biochemical) |
Functional test | indirect (biochemical) |
Functional tests measure | intended, nutrient dependent biological function |
Functional test example | dark adaptation for vitamin A |
Limitation functional test | nonspecific; not all nutrients have one |
Sensitivity | probability that the test is positive given that the patient is sick |
Specificity | probability that the test is negative given that the patient is not sick |
No single test is___ | sufficient for monitoring nutritional status by itself |
Somatic protein | skeletal muscle, 75% of body cell mass |
Visceral protein | organs/blood cells/serum protein, 25% of body cell mass |
Body cell mass | 30-50% |
Malnutrition | the pathophysiology over or undernutrition and inflammatory activity on body composition and biological function |
Causes of protein insufficiency | primary= insufficient intake, secondary= other diseases |
Kwashiorkor | protein deficiency w/ adequate kcal |
Marasmus | energy deficiency |
CHI/creatinine | affected by many factors, expressed as a % of the expected value |
Protein is __% nitrogen | 16% |
Serum proteins reflect | short term changes in nutritional status |
Serum albumin and CRP | high during acute stress |
Serum albumin | elevated during PCM |
Prealbumin/retinol binding protein | short half life |
Calcium functions | BP, muscle, nerve, hormones, enzymes |
Ideal sources of calcium | non-dairy with vitamin D |
Calcium atherosclerosis | calcium incorporated into fatty plaques |
Excessive calcium | interferes with iron absorption, constipation, prostate cancer, CVD, kidney stones |
PTH calcium | bone resorption of calcium and phosphorus |
Calcitonin | induce calcium accretion (addition) in bone |
Serum calcium | tightly controlled by the body |
Urinary calcium | more responsive to diet than serum |
what causes decreased urinary calcium output? | sodium, protein, low phosphate |
What causes decreased urinary calcium output? | increased phosphate, alkaline (f/v) |
Phosphorus | increases need for calcium, usually excess not deficiency |
What converts 25OH-D to 1,25 OH D? | kidney |
Serum 25OH-D | long half life |
Serum 1,25OH-D | short half life, levels don’t decrease until deficiency is severe |
Vitamin D deficiency | 1 billion worldwide (intake/sun exposure) |
IOM vitamin D | should probably be increased from 2000-4000 IU per day |
VITAL | see if omega 3 and vitamin D affect cancer/heart disease/stroke |
Vitamin D and diabetes | decreased insulin, hyperglycemia |
Excess vitamin D | can’t get it from the sun, can damage heart/blood vessels/kidneys |
Total lymphocyte count | high levels intake body is trying to fight viral infections |
Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity | degree of reactivity is a function of T-cell mediated immunity (decreased w/ PEM, B6, iron, A, zinc deficiency) |
Single most common nutrient deficiency | iron |
Absolute iron deficiency | total body iron stores depleted (bleeding/intake) |
Functional iron deficiency | failure to release iron rapidly enough for erythropoiesis |
4 factors that affect iron status | stores, utilization, intake, loss |
3 most common causes of anemia (RBCs) | microcytic, macrocytic, hypochromatic (low hemoglobin) |
children iron deficiency | increased absorption of heavy metals (many others) |
what elevates serum ferritin? | inflammation, trauma, overload, hepatitis, cancers |
soluble transferrin receptor | # tfr proportional to requirement for iron |
transferrin saturation | low with iron deficiency |
athletes iron deficiency | significant portion have it, recuperation helps but not enough |
erythrocyte phytoporphyrin | precursor of heme, accumulates with iron deficiency |
limitation of hemoglobin test | not low until late deficiency |
hematocrit | % of RBCs making up entire volume of whole blood (depends on # and size) |
body iron model | ratio of sTfR to serum ferritin |
ferritin model | tends to over-estimate presence of deficiency |
MCV iron model | reflects altered RBC formation |
Folic acid | fully oxidized monoglutamate form (used in supplements) |
Folate functions | homocysteine metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, RBC formation |
1 dietary folate equivalent= | 1ug food folate, 0.6ug folic acid with food, 0.5ug empty stomach |
primary sign of folate deficiency | megaloblastic anemia |
megaloblastic anemia | sign of folate deficiency; large and abnormally nucleated erythrocytes |
4 groups at risk of folate inadequacy | alcohol dependence, women of reproductive age, pregnancy, malabsorptive disorders |
excess folate | generally non-toxic |
serum folate | sensitive to dietary and non-nutritional changes (3 weeks negative balance) |
erythrocyte folate | best clinical index of depleted tissue stores |
intrinsic factor | binds B12 in the ileum |
pernicious anemia | B12 malabsorption |
excess B12 | low potential for toxicity |
B12 deficiency | megaloblastic anemia, weakness, fatigue, neurological |
Folic acid and B12 | large amounts of folic acid can mask B12 deficiency |
Does folate or B12 deficiency develop faster? | folate |
Functional indicators of B12 | MMA, total homocysteine (no gold standard) |
Groups at risk for vitamin A deficiency | infants, pregnant, cystic fibrosis, premature infants |
Excess vitamin A | promotes fractures (retinol only) |
Direct measurement of liver vitamin A | gold standard of vitamin A (invasive) |
Retinol isotope dilution | ratio of labeled and unlabeled from blood |
Created by:
melaniebeale
Popular Medical sets