Patho. Ch. 1 cont. Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Usually occurs as a result of ischemia or toxic injury | Necrosis |
What is Necrosis characterized by? | -Cell rupture-Spilling of contents into the extracellular fluid and blood (this triggers release of certain enzymes depending on the location of the cell death). |
What do elevated levels of amylase, creatine-MB, and troponin indicate? | Damage to the pancrease and cellular death in the heart. *Enzymes tell if there is cell death. |
Necrosis | Inflammation (general malaise, elevated WBC count, loss of appetite) |
What are the 4 types of tissue Necrosis | Coagulative, Liquefactive, Fat, Caseous |
Coagulative | Heart tissue, kidney |
Liquefactive | Brain |
Fat | Pancreas |
Caseous | Lung |
Cellular death involving a large area of tissue. Usually results from interruption of major blood supply to a specific body part, such as toes, leg, or bowel. | Gangrene |
Types of Gangrene | Dry-lower extremitiesWet-internal organsGas-blood stream |
This type of adaptation usually occurs in cells that DO NOT UNDERGO mitotic division, sucha s differintiated muscle cells. | Hypertrophy |
How can cells capable of mitotic division adapt? | Hyperplasia |
Usually results from increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation. | Hyperplasia |
An example of Hyperplasia | Elevated number of red blood cells in response to high altitude and liver enlargement in response to drug detoxification. |
What does the chronic irritation of epithelial cells result in? | Calluses and/or corns (chronic friction) |
What can Estrogen lead to? | An increase in enothelial and uterine stomal cells. This is why women on birth control have an increased risk for uterine cancer. |
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. | Metaplasia |
Usually occurs wiht adaptation to persistent injury. Fully reversible when agent causing the injury is removed. Often involves replacement of glandular epithelium with squamous epithelium. Can occur with smoking. | Metaplasia |
Disorganized appearance of cells (abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement). Represents adaptation that has gone wrong. Usually has a greater potential to develop into cancer. | Dyplasia |
Occurs when cells shrink and reduce functions in response to a variety of normal and injurious factors. Can be attributed by more than one cause. | Atrophy |
Causes of Atrophy | Disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine signals, persistent cell injury, and aging |
Disuse | Immobilization by bedrest, casting of an extremity results in shrinkage. Resumes normal size when active again. |
Denervation | Loss of nerve stimulation. Paraylysis can occur because no nerve impulses exist. |
Ischemia | Inadequate blood supply to the tissues. If present in lower there is poor circulation which leads to thin skin, muscle wasting, and loss of hair. |
Common sites of Ischemia | Heart, brain, kidneys, and lower leg. |
Nutrient Starvation | Due to poor intake, absorption, or distribution to the tissues. |
Interruption of endocrine signals | Glandular tissues such as the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, and testicles depend on growth-stimulating signals to maintain size and function. |
Persistent cell injury | Chronic inflammation and infection |
Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augumented functional capacity. | Hypertrophy |
What is cell Hypertrophy? | A response to increased demands. Hypertrophy usually subsides when the demand has decreased or is removed, but not always. |
What does cellular enlargement result from? | A net increase in cellular protein content. |
Do fat cells replicate? | No |
Created by:
shanhaup
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