M6 13-005 Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
Arteriosclerosis | Thickening (hardening) and loss of elasticity in the arteries. |
Atherosclerosis | The deposit of fatty substances in the arteries and fibrosis of the inner layer of the arteries |
Atherosclerosis Deposits | Plaque comprised of cholesterol, lipids or cellular debris which narrows the lumen of the arteries and reduces blood volume to the area. |
Etiology of Atherosclerosis | Over PROLONGED period of time, a LIFELONG process, severity of disease measured by degree of obstruction & # of vessels involved. |
CAD Development | When there is at least a 75-80% obstruction in coronary blood flow to the myocardium. |
Manifestations of CAD | When blood supply can no longer meet the demands of the myocardium. |
Types of risk factors with CAD | 1. Non-modifiable 2. Modifiable |
Non-modifiable risk factors of CAD | Family Hx, Age, Gender (men greater risk, women after menopause), Ethnicity (higher in white men) |
Modifiable risk factors of CAD | Smoking (Vasoconstriction), Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Physical Activity, Stress, Obesity, Diabetes |
Best predictor for development of CAD | Ratio of High-density lipids (HDL) to low-density lipoproteins |
Lipids are comprised of... | VLDL (Very low-density lipoproteins), LDLL (Low-density lipoprotein), HDL (High Density Lipoprotein |
high | ________ Serum cholesterol increases the chance of developing CAD |
Decreased | Exercise, low fat, and low cholesterol diets ______ the chance of CAD. |
Angina Pectoris | PAROXYSMAL, SPASMODIC thoracic pain & choking feeling caused by decreased oxygen or anoxia of the myocardium. |
Angina Pectoris | Symptoms of transient myocardial ischemia PERCEIVED BY THE PATIENT as chest pain or discomfort. This ischemia DOES NOT lead to cellular necrosis. |
Demand and supply | Any factor that causes an imbalance between the ______ and ______ of blood flow to the myocardium can cause anginal pain. |
Factors that INCREASE cardiac workload | HTN, Stress, Temperature Extremes, Exercise, Smoking, Atherosclerosis |
Unstable Angina | UNPREDICTABLE & TRANSIENT episode of sever and prolonged discomfort that AT REST has never been experienced before or is considerably WORSE than the previous episode |
Pain: Characteristics of Angina Pectoris | HEAVINESS or TIGHTNESS (may be confused with INDIGESTION), usually lasts 3-5 minutes. May radiate to the LEFT shoulder and arm. |
Retrosternal | behind the sternum |
Substernal | below the sternal |
Precordial | around the heart or epigastric area |
Cardiac Enzymes | Dx Test: Rule out MI |
EKG | DX Test: Transient Ischemic Changes |
Exercise Stress Test | Dx Test: Reproduce anginal episode & EKG ischemic changes |
Cardiac Catheterization | Dx Test: To visualize coronary arteries for atherosclerosis |
Reduce Cardiac Ischemia | Goal of management for Angina Pectoris is to control symptoms by |
Vasodilators Beta-blockers Calcium Channel Blockers | 3 Major Types of Medications for the treatment of angina pectoris |
Vasodilators | VASODILATES the coronary arteries so a greater amount of blood and oxygen can go to the myocardium. Example: Nitroglycerin (NTG) |
Systemic Vasodilation | Reduction of blood pressure, which reduces the amount of venous rerun, which therefore reduces the cardiac workload. |
Vasodilator PRN | 1 tablet, sublingual, every 5 minutes for 15 minutes (no more than 3) |
Beta-Blocking Agents | Reduces the oxygen requirements of the myocardium by SLOWING THE HEART RATE . (Examples: Inderal, Lopressor) |
Beta-Blocking Agents | Blocks the effect of Epinephrine on the vascular system. (Examples: Inderal, Lopressor) |
Calcium Channel Blockers | DECREASES cell excitability and myocardial contractility by blocking calcium exchange across the cell membrane. (Example: Cardizem) |
Calcium | Responsible for the MOTOR UNIT CONTRACTION |
Supplemental Oxygen | Should be used for patients with unstable angina |
Aspirin | ALL patients suspected of having unstable angina should be started on _______ therapy unless contraindicated. |
Antianginal Agents | Treat and prevent attacks of angina |
Beta Blockers & Calcium Channel Blockers | Prophylactic Management of Angina Pectoris |
Anti-anginal Agents Contraindications | Hypersensitivity, avoid use of Beta Blockers or Calcium Channel blockers in: Advanced Heart Block, Cardiogenic Shock, Untreated CHF |
Anti-Anginal Agents Side Effects | Dizziness, headache, hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, nausea, vomiting... |
Fatal Hypotension | Concurrent us of sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil may result in significant and potentially... |
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