BIO205 - Ch 1 - Microbial World and You - RioSalado - AZ
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| Microbes/microorganisms include? | Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic alge, & viruses (noncellular).
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| Pathogenic | "Disease-producing"
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| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | yeast - used to make bread - belongs to Kingdom Fungi
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| Fermentation | Metabolic process - enzyme degradation of carbs - anaerobic - ex: yeast metabolizes sugars in bread to produce alcohol (ethanol) & CO2.
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| genus, specific epithet | Grouping of one or more species by certain traits - particular species w/in genus - first name always capitalized - italicized
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| Bacteria & archaeans are parth of which domain? | Prokaryotic - Don't have nucleus - greatest metabolic diversity.
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| Bacteria | Simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms - prokaryote
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| Bacillus | rodlike
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| Coccus | spherical or ovoid
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| Spiral | corkscrew or curved
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| peptidoglycan | Protein & carb complex of cell walls for bacteria
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| archaea | Prokaryotic (no nucleus) - lack peptidoglycan - found in extreme environments - methanogens (produce methane), extreme halophiles (salt-loving), extreme thermophiles (heat loving)
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| Fungi (fungus) | Eukaryotes - uni/multicellular - no photosyn. - lack peptidoglycan - decomposers - digest food outside body then absorb.
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| Yeasts | Fungi, eukaryotes - unicellular & oval - larger than bacteria.
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| Eukaryotes | Have nucleus w/nuclear membrane
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| Domain eukaryotes includes? | Protists, fungi, plants, & animals
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| Protists | Multicellular - have nucleus - seaweeds
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| Plants | Photosynthetic - producers
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| Animals | Ingest tissues or juices - consumers
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| Molds form visible masses called __. | mycelia - long cottony growths
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| Fungi can reproduce __ or __. | sexually or asexually
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| protozoa (protozoan) | Unicellular, eukaryotic microbes - move w/flagella, pseudopods, or cilia - amoebas - free entities or parasites - sexual or asexual
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| algae (alga) | Eukaryotes, photosynthetic, sex/asex, cell walls w/cellulose - photosynthetic - produce O2 & carbs
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| Viruses | acellular - core of DNA or RNA w/protein coat.
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| 3 Domain System | Bacteria (cell wall w/peptidoglycan), archaea (cell wall w/o peptidoglycan), & eukarya
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| How are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, & viruses distinguished on basis of cellular structure? | Through the 3 domain system.
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| 2 major groups of parasitic worms | flatworms & round worms (helminths)
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| Helminths | round worms - start as microscopic
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| Name 3 types of protists | slime molds, protozoa, & algae
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| Name 3 types of fungi | unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, & mushrooms
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| Cell theory | All living things are composed of cells - Hooke in 1665
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| What was Robert Hooke's contribution to biology? | Cell theory
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| What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek's contribution to microbiology? | Observed living bacteria & protozoa - microorganisms
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| Spontaneous generation | Life can arise from nonliving matter.
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| Biogenesis | Life can arise only from preexisting living cells - Virchow 1858
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| How did Pasteur contribute to aseptic techniques? | Pasteur showed that microbial life can be destroyed by heat & that methods can block access to unwanted microorganisms.
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| aseptic techniques | Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted organisms.
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| Pasteurization | Heating to kill bacteria
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| Germ theory of disease | Microorganisms cause diease
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| Koch's postulates | Sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease.
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| Jenner's contribution was? | Innoculation (cow pox to protect against smallpox) - later vaccination named by Pasteur
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| Chemotherapy | Treatment of disease using chemical substances.
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| Antibiotics are produced by __. | bacteria & fungi
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| Who discovered penicillin? | Fleming 1928
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| Mycology | Study of fungi
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| Parasitology | Study of protozoa & parasitic worms
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| Genomics | Study of all of an organism's genes
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| recombinant DNA (rDNA) | A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from 2 different sources.
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| recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology | Manufacturing & manipulating genetic material in vitro - genetic engineering
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| molecular biology | How genetic info is carried in DNA & how DNA directs synthesis of proteins.
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| conjugation | Genetic material transferred from one bacterium to another.
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| List 4 beneficial activities of microorganisms | (1) converting essential elements, (2) sewage treatment, (3) bioremediation, (4) pest control
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| bioremediation | bacteria use pollutants & break them down into less harmful substances.
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| biotechnology | Use of microorganisms to produce common foods & chemicals.
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| List 2 examples of biotechnology | recombinant DNA tech, gene therapy
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| Normal microbiota | "flora" - microorganisms on & inside our bodies.
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| Name 2 jobs performed in our bodies by normal microbiota | (1) prevent diseases by limiting overgrowth by harmful microbes (2) produce Vit K & B
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| EIDs | Emerging infectious diseases - new diseases or changing.
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| H5N1 | Avian influenza A
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| SARS | Severe acute respiratory syndrome - coronavirus
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| WNE | West nile encephalitis - causes encephalitis
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| BSE | Mad cow - bovine spongiform encephalopathy
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| Prion | infectious protein
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| E. coli | Escherichia coli - normal lg. intesting inhabitant - produces certain vitamins - some can cause diarrhea E. coli 0157:H7
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| IGAS - group A streptococcus | Flesh eating bacteria - Invasive Group A Strep
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| EHF | Ebola hemorrhagic fever
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| HIV destroys what? | CD4 lymphocytes
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| Most __ have a peptidoglycan cell wall. | bacteria have them.
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| 2 types of chemotherapeutic agents | Synthetic drugs & antibiotics
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