Disease of the Blood chapter 7
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| The four blood types are | A, B, AB,+ O
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| Each blood type has a + or - called a | Rh factor
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| A negative Rh blood type | CAN be given to a positive Rh blood type
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| A positive Rh blood type | CAN NOT be given to a negative Rh blood type
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| Erythroblastosis Fetalis(EF) only occurs when | the mother's Rh factor is NEGATIVE and the father's Rh factor is POSITIVE
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| If a fetus receives the father's positive Rh factor trait, the mother's immune system will be | sensitized(make antibodies) to the fetal blood during delivery **the mother will start creating antibodies against the fetus' Rh positive blood
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| Anemia is | erythrocytopenia(deficiency in erythrocytes RBCs) and/or deficient hemoglobin(Hgb)
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| Dx of anemia is confirmed with a | CBC(Complete Blood Count) and H&H(Hemoglobin(Hgb) & Hematocrit "crit")
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| Hemorrhagic anemia occurs when | there is a substantial blood loss
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| Hemolytic anemia occurs when | excessive destruction of erythrocytes (RBCs)
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| Pernicious Anemia(PA) occurs when | there's a dificiency of vitamin B-12(<6 ug/day)
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| Hypochromic anemia occurs when | there is a deficiency of iron(Fe)(<18 mg/day) AKA IDA (Iron Deficiency Anemia)
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| IDA (Iron Deficiencuy Anemia) AKA Hypochromic anemia, is the | most common form of anemia
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| Hypochromic anemia(IDA/Iron Deficiency Anemia) is common in | adolescent girls & boys and pregnancy
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| Symptoms specific to hypochromic anemia (IDA/IronDeficiencyAnemia) include | cravings for ice, swelling of the tongue and dry lips
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| Folic acid deficiency anemia(<400mcg/day) can occur due to the | insufficient consumption of vegetables
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| Aplastic anemia occurs when | there is a dysfunction of the red bone marrow(myeloid tissue)
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| Signs & symptoms of all anemias include | *Pallor(paleness)*Fatique(tired)*Vertigo(dizziness)*Muscle weakness*Dyspnea(difficulty breathing)*Tachycardia(fast heart rate, rapid pulse)*Cephalalgia(head pain)
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| Primary polycythemia(blood is hard to flow) is characterized by | erythrocytosis(excessive RBCs) due to hyperactive myeloid tissue(red bone marrow)
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| Primary polycythemia(blood is hard to flow) causes the blood to become | viscous(thick)
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| Tx for primary polycythemia(blood is hard to flow) is | periodic therapeutic phlebotomy(bleeding)
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| Causes of Secondary polycythemia include | 1)Living in high altitudes stimulates erythrocyte production to compensate for lower oxygen(O2) concentration 2)Being very athletic stimulates erythrocyte production to compensate for hypoxia(deficient oxygen) during strenuous exercise
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| Hemophilia is a | genetic coagulopathy(disease condition of clotting)
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| Hemophilia almost always occurs in | males
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| Hemophilia occurs due to the | absence of clotting factor VIII or IX
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| Clotting factors are essential for | proper coagulation(clotting)
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| Signs of severe hemophilia include | 1)Epistaxis(nose bleed) 2)Purpura(a condition of ecchymosis[bruising]& petechiae[pinpoint hemorrhages] 3)Joint hemorrhages 4)Hematuria(blood in the urine)
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| Tx for hemophilia involves | periodic administration of the missing clotting factor
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| Hemophiliacs should refrain from | contact sports
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| Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura(ITP) is an | autoimmune disease causing thrombocytopenia(deficiencey of thrombocytes(platelets)
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| ITP(Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura[bruise easily]) can cause | purpura[a combination of ecchymosis{bruising}& petechiae{pinpoint hemorrhages}) & anemia(deficiency of erythrocytes(RBCs) and/or hemoglobin(Hgb)
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| Tx for ITP(Idiopathic Thromboctopenia Purpura) includes | periodic platelet (thrombocytes) transfusions
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| Leukemia is characterized by | extreme leukocytosis (excessive WBCs) of immature leukocytes(WBCs)
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| Number of WBCs seen in leukemia can exceed | 200,000 mm3
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| Dx of leukemia is confirmed with | WBC differential & bone marrow Bx(Biopsy)
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| Signs & symptoms of leukemia include | 1)Pyrexia(fevere) 2)Lymphadenopathy(swollen lymph nodes) 3)Arthralgias(joint pain) 4)Anemia & prolonged bleeding 5)WT (WeighT) loss 6)Weakness 7)SOB(Shortness of Breath)
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| Types of leukemia include | 1)AML(Acute Myelogenous Leukemia(5yr survival rate-40%) 2)ALL(Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia(5yr survival rate-85% in children,50% in adults 3)CML(Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia(5yr survival rate-90% 4)CLL(Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(5yr survival rate-75%)
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| Tx for leukemia includes | chemotherapy (antineoplastics), radiation therapy & bone marrow transplantation
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| IM(Infectious Mononucleosis is caused by the | EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)
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| IM(Infectious Mononucleosis is highly | contagious & is commonly called the "Kissing Disease" due to the case of transmission from close personal contact
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| IM(Infectious Mononucleosis is also called the "College disease" because of the compromised condition of many college students due to | 1)Poor nutrition 2)Inadequate sleep 3)Poorly controlled stress 4)Excessive use of ETOH(Alcohol) & tobacco
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| Signs & symptoms of IM(Infectious Mononucleosis) include | 1)Pyrexia(fever) 2)Extreme fatique 3)Persistent pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat) 4)Lymphadenopathy(swollen lymph nodes) 5)Splenomegaly(enlarged spleen)
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| Recovery from IM(Infectious Mononucleosis) can take weeks to months but | a lasting immunity to EBV(Epstein-Barr Virus) is usually attained
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| A monospot is a | blood test to detect the presence of the EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus)
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| Hodgkin's Disease(HD) is a | malignancy (Cancer) of the lymphatic system
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| Signs & symptoms of HD(Hodgkin's Disease) include | 1)Painless cervical (neck) axillary (armpit), or inquinal(groin) lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) 2)Pyrexia(fever) 3)Fatique, 4)WT (WeighT)loss
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| HD(Hodgkin's Disease) is more common in | 1)Caucasian men 2)Smokers 3)Exposure to the HIV(Human ImmunoDeficiencyVirus) or EBV (Epstein-BarrVirus) 4)Ages 15-35 and over 50
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| Tx for HD(Hodgkin's Disease) includes | *Chemotherapy (antineoplastics) and radiation therapy
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| The remission rate for HD(Hodgkin's Disease) is | 95%+
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| The signs & symptoms for NHL(Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma)are the | same as HD(Hodgkin's Disease)
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| NHL(Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma has a low remission rate due to | early metastasis (spread) before signs & symptoms occur
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