Cardiovascular System Chapter 13
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| Arteries carry | oxygenated (O2) blood
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| Arterioles refer to | small arteries
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| Veins carry | deoxygenated blood-contains carbon dioxide(CO2)
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| Venules refer to | small veins
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| Capillaries refer to | microscopic (smallest of) arteries & veins
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| Vasodilation refers to | increased diameter of arteries
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| Vasoconstriction refers to | decreased diameter of arteries
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| vasodilation will cause | hypotension(low blood pressure)
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| vasoconstriction will cause | hypertension(high blood pressure)
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| the body cavity where the heart is housed is called the | thoracic cavity
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| The region directly between the sternum & vertebrae(lateral/side view) is called the | mediastinum
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| The pericardium refers to the | membranous sac around the heart
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| The epicardium refers to the | outer layer of the heart
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| The myocardium refers to the | muscle layer of the heart
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| The endocardium refers to the | inner layer of the heart
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| the chambers of the heart are separated by walls called | septa(plural) septum(singular)
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| Deoxygenated blood(CO2) is returned to the heart via the | venae cavae(plural) (superior & inferior)
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| The superior & inferior venae cavae are the | largest veins in the body
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| The venae cavae(plural) deliver the deoxygenated blood(CO2) to the | right atrium/superior right chamber of the heart
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| From the Right Atrium the deoxygenated blood(CO2) moves through the | tricuspid (3 flaps) valve
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| The tricuspid valve allows the deoxygenated blood(CO2) to enter the | right ventricle/inferior right chamber of the heart
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| The purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the blood from | regurgitating (reflux)
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| the sound caused by valve regurgitation is called a | murmur (bruit)
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| The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated(CO2) blood through the | pulmonary trunk
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| the valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk is the | pulmonary semilunar valve
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| From the pulmonary semilunar valve the deoxygenated blood(CO2) then enters the | right & left pulmonary arteries
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| The pulmonary arteries carry the deoxygenated blood(CO2) to the | lungs-where respiration takes place(exchange of gases O2&Co2)
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| The oxygenated blood(O2) returns from the lungs throught the | pulmonary veins
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| The pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood(O2) to the | left atrium - superior left chamber of the heart
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| From the left atrium the oxygenated blood (O2) then moves through the | bicuspid valve (AKA Mitral Valve)
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| The bicuspid(mitral) valve allows the O2 blood to enter the | left ventricle - inferior left chamber of the heart
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| The purpose of the bicuspid(mitral) valve is to prevent the blood from | regurgitating (reflux)
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| The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated (O2) blood through the | aortic semilunar valve
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| the aortic semilunar valve allows the oxygenated(O2) blood to enter the | Ascending aorta, then to the Aortic arch, then to the Descending Thoracic Aorta, to the Abdominal Aorta.
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| The aorta branches off into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries that will | distribute the oxygen(O2) to the tissues of the body
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| Strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid(Mitral) and tricuspid valves preventing prolapse(hyperextend) are called | chordae tendineae
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| The Carotid arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | brain
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| The Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | myocardium
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| The subclavian arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | arms & superior thorax(upper chest)
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| The mesenteric(intestine) arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | intestines
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| the Phrenic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | diaphragm -main muscle of ventilation(breathing)
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| The abdominal aorta bifurcates(splits into a Y) into the | iliac arteries
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| The Iliac(pelvis/thigh area)arteries deliver oxygenated(O2) blood to the | pelvis & thighs
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| The femoral arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the | legs
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| Other capillaries, venules, and veins will return the deoxygenated(CO2) blood to the | venae cavae and the circuit is complete
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| The Jugulars drain deoxygenated blood from the | head
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| The saphenous veins drain deoxygenated blood from the | legs
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| The saphenous veins are commonly used for | Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts(CABG)
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| Another vessel used for CABG(Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts) is the | Mammary (breast) artery
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| Heart-lung machine | a machine that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures.
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| C-reactive protein(CRP) | inflammatory indicator & powerful risk factor for heart disease
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| CPK(CK) & LDH (LD) | enzymes(chemicals) in the blood that indicate muscle damage
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| CPK-MB("isoennzymes" or "isos") | very specific enzymes in the blood that indicate cardiac damage
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| The azygos vein drains deoxygenated blood from the | thorax
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| The median cubital(antecubital) veins are commonly used to perform | phlebotomy(veinipuncture)
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| Blood is necessary to | 1)transport nutrients& water from the digestive tract to all cells of the body 2)transport waste products from the body's cells to the lungs,sweat glands &kidneys for excretion. 3)transport hormones from endocrine glands to target cells&organs in the body
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| Blood is necessary to continued | 4)transport enzymes 2 bodycells in order to regulate chemical processes & reactions.5)Dissipates excess body heat through dilated blood vessels in skin. 6)transport leukocytes & antibodies to defend body against pathogens.
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| Blood is necessary to continued 2 | 7)helps regulate body pH by transporting buffers&amino acids
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| The nutrients that are in blood include | a.Vitamins & minerals used for Chemical process & reactions b.Carbohydrates used for Energy c.Proteins used for growth & repair d.Fats used for vitamin absorption & cellular wall creation
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| Normal blood pH is | 7.35-7.45
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| Blood pH below 7.35 is considered (low breathing, to much CO2) | acidotic(acidosis)
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| Blood pH above 7.45 is considered (fast breathing, to little CO2) | alkalitic(alkaline,alkalosis or basic
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| An average woman has approximately______ | 5 liters of blood
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| An average man has approximately______ | 6 liters of blood
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| Whole Blood(WB) is made up of: | 1)Erythrocytes AKA red blood cells(RBCs) 2)Leukocytes AKA white blood cells(WBCs) 3)Thrombocytes AKA clot cells or platelets 4)Plasma
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| Erythrocytes are responsible for | respiration - exchange of gases/Carbon dioxide(CO2)& Oxygen(O2)
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| Erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks with edges that are | thicker than the center of the cell
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| Erythrocytes do not have nuclei so they do not have the ability to | divide (replicate)
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| Erythropoiesis means | the formation of erythrocytes and occurs in the red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue
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| A normal erythrocyte count is | 4-6 million/mm3
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| Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the | kidneys & is necessary for erythrocyte development(formation-poietin or poiesis)
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| Erythrocytes live for approximately | 120 days(4 month)
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| Erythrocytes die at a rate of | 2,000,000/second
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| Hemolysis means | the break up or destruction of blood(RBCs)
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| Bilirubin is | dead, broken up erythrocytes
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| Hyperbilirubinemia means | a blood condition of excessive bilirubin
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| hyperbilirubinemia causes | jaundice or icterus
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| Jaundice or icterus is a | yellowish, orange discoloration to the skin or sclerae
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| Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by | liver, gall bladder, or pancreatic dysfunction
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| The blood protein found inside RBCs that is necessary for RBCs to carry O2 & CO2 is called | hemoglobin
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| A normal hemoglobin range is | 12-17 g/dl
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| The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin is called | iron (Fe)
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| food rich in iron(Fe) include | red meat & dark green leafy vegetables
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| Hematocrit ("crit") is the measure of the | packed cell volume(PCV) which is the percentage of blood that is made up of (attributed) erythocytes(RBCs)
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| H&H stands for | hemoglobin(Hgb) & hematocrit (Hct or"crit")
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| MCH stands for | Mean (way of measuring) Cell Hemoglobin
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| MCHC stands for | Mean (way of measuring) Cell Homoglobin Concentration
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| Anemia refers to | erythrocytopenia (deficiency of erythrocytes(RBCs) and/or a deficiency of hemoglobin
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| Leukocytes are part of your | immune response against foreign proteins (Antigen)
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| A normal leukocyte count is | 5,000-11,000 mm3
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| Leukocytosis is an | elevated leukocyte count (WBCs)
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| Infection can cause a leukocytosis of | 20,000 mm3
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| Leukopoiesis means | the formation of leukocytes (WBCs) and occurs in the red bone marrow
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| Leukocytes are | a.Monocytes(phagocytes-eating cell), b.Neutrophils(phagocytes), c.Basophils(release histamine&heparin, d.Eosinophils(lessen allergic reactions & increase in # in the event of a parasitical worm infestation(helminths). e.Leukocytes help produce antibodies
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| Phagocytes consume(eat) | antigens (Monocytes & Neutrophils)
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| Histamine triggers the | inflammatory response
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| Heparin prevents | (anticoagulant) clotting & promotes blood flow
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| antibodies are necessary to defeat | viral infection
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| Leukocytopenia means | a deficiency of white cells
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| Leukemia refers to a | blood condition of extreme(to many WBCs) leukocytosis of immature leukocytes(WBCs)
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| Thrombocytes(platelets/clot cells) are needed for proper | coagulation (turn liquid into a solid)
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| a normal thrombocyte count is | 150,000-300,000 mm3
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| Thrombocytes(platelets/clot cells) ar produced at a rate of | 200,000,000,000/day($200 billion)
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| Thrombopoiesis occurs in the | red bone marrow
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| Hemophilia is a genetic coagulopathy(disease condition of coagulation) caused by a deficience of a | clotting factor
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| thrombus(singular) (thrombi-plural) are | clots
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| embolus(singular) (emboli-plural) are | a floating clot(s)
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| thrombolysis or thrombolytic means | the break up or destruction of clots
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| anticoagulant means | against coagulation(clotting)
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| thrombocytopenia means | a deficiency of platelets(clot cells)
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| thrombocytosis means | an abnormal condition of excessive platelets
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| a bleeding time is a or (INR - International Normalization Ratio) | test to determine a person's ability to coagulate
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| Coagulation panel(profile) consits of | INR(international normalization ratio), prothrombin(PT), platelet count, and bleeding time
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| DIC stands for | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (happens when you get many blood transfusions)
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| DIC causes the coagulation process to | collaspe, followed by hypovolemic shock (excanguination/bleed to death) and death
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| Plasma is the | liquid portion of the blood---what everything floats in (what is left when you remove RBCs, WBCs, & thrombocytes)
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| Plasma is made up of | water, plasma proteins, salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, homones, vitamins, & minerals
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| Plasma makes up approximately | 55% of the blood volume
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| The cells and other elements make up | 45% of the blood volume
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| A plasma protein necessary for proper fluid balance is | albumin
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| Two plasma proteins that play a vital role in coagulation are | fibrinogen & prothrombin(PT)
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| Proper prothrombin production requires adequate amounts of | vitamin K -- foods rich in this include: Green leafy vegetables
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| Serum is | plasma without fibrinogen & prothrombin(PT)
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| Plasmapheresis refers to the | separation(-pheresis) of the plasma from the blood cells
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| FFP stands for | Fresh Frozen plasma----can be stored indefinitely
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| Cryoprecipitates refers to | FFP (fresh frozen plasma) with clotting factors
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| A bone marrow biopsy(Bx) is a | test commonly used to determine cancers of the blood
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| Myelogenic means | pertaining to created by the bone marrow
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| Hematocytopenia means | a deficiency of blood cells
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| Hematoma refers to a | mass of blood
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| Dysrasia refers to | any blood abnormality
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| Morphology means | the study of shapes
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| Hypercholesterolemia is a | blood condition of excessive cholesterol
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| Hematologist is a | specialist in the study of blood
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| Hemostasis(hemostatic) means | the stoppage or controlling of bleeding
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| A complete blood count(CBC) is a count of the numbers of | 1.Erythrocytes(RBCs) 2.Leukocytes (WBCs) 3.Thrombocytes (platelets/clot cells) 4.Hemoglobin(Hgb) & hematocrit(Het) 5.ESR or "sed rate"(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
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| An elevated ESR(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) indicates | inflammation (can increase risk of heart disease)
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| A differential ("diff") is an | individual count of the five different types of Leukocytes (the MONKEY never eat little bananas)
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| The Four blood types are | A, B, AB, and O
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| Each blood type has a + or - called an | Rh factor
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| The Universal donor is type | O-
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| The Universal recipient is type | AB+
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| A Negative Rh blood type CAN BE given to a | positive Rh blood type
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| A Positive Rh CANNOT BE given to a | negative Rh blood type
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| Blood is transfused in | units(U)
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| Donated blood has a refrigerated shelf life of | 42 days
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| Type & crossmatch(screen) (T+CM) means | determining blood type & compatibiity with other blood types
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| PRBCs stands for | Packed Red Blood Cells-(PRBCs)
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| A lipid profile(panel) includes: | 1.Total Cholesterol should be <200 mg/dL 2.HDL(High Density Lipoproteins--good cholesterol) should be >40 mg/dL 3.Triglycerides shold be <150 mg/dL 4.LDL(Low Density Lipoproteins) should be <130 mg/dL
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