Lab Exam
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| Length (metric) | meter (m)
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| mass (weigh) | gram (g)
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| volume | liter (L)
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| Termperature | Celsius (C)
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| Time | second (s)
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| meniscus | Lowest portion of curve of water
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| pipette | (blank)
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| syringe | (blank)
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| Absolute zero | 0 Kelvin or -273 degrees Celsius
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| calorie | (blank)
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| (d) deci | 10 neg1 or 1/10 - one tenth
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| (c) centi | 10neg2 or 1/100 - one hundredth
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| (m) milli | 10neg3 or 1/1000 one thousandth
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| (u) symbol micro | 10 neg6 or 1/1,000,000 one millionth
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| (da) deka | 10 ten
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| (h) hecto | 10 power2 or 100 one hundred
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| (k) kilo | 10 power3 or 1,000 thousand
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| (M) mega | 10power6 or 1,000,000 million
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| cc | cubic centimeters volume measure
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| what is relationship between mL and cc? | Same
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| Density | The replacement between an objects MASS and its VOLUME
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| displacement | A method for measuring the VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object- immerse in a known quantity of water. Change in water is VOLUME of object
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| Energy | The ability to do work
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| Calorie | Unit of heat energy
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| Calorie - how does it work? | Amount of heat energy required to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C
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| Celsius - freezing | 0 or zero degrees C
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| density | measure of MASS RELATING to VOLUME or SIZE of object
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| density (formula) | Density = Mass (M)/Volume (V)
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| Density of water-how to determine? | Record volume (Ex. 30 mL) then weigh (first weigh beaker, then TARE) , record mass - divide mass (grams) by volume (mL)
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| Actual density of water | 1g/mL at 4 degrees C
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| Erlenmayer flask | Flask with wide bottom (cylindrical pyramid shape)
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| What is relationship between milliliter & cubic centimeter? | They are the same
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| Fahrenheit - boiling point water | 212 degrees F
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| Fahrenheit - freezing point of water | 32 degrees F
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| Specific heat | AMount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius
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| The higher the specific heat... | the more heat energy it take to heat a substance
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| Why is copper good for pots? | Its specific heat is low, therefore it raises temperature easily
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| Gas turns to liquid (ex. water vapor) | Condensation
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| Vapor | Gas state
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| Weight | Strictly defined-the pull of gravity on an objects mass (people weigh less on the moon)
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| Solution | A uniform mixture
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| Solvent | The substance present in greatest concentration in a solution. The dissolving substance Ex. water in salt water
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| Solute | Substance present in smaller concentration in a solution Ex. salt in salt water
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| Liquid changes to gas | Vaporisation
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| Exothermic | A reaction that gives off heat energy
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| Endothermic | A reaction that requires the input of heat energy
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| Isotonic | Used to describe solutions with similar solute and solvent concentrations
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| Heat of fusion | Energy required to melt exactly 1 g of a substance at its melting point
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| Water-heat of fusion | 80 cal are needed to melt 1 gram of ice
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| Heat of vaporisation | Energy required to vaporize 1 g of a substance at its boiling point
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| Water-heat of vaporisation | 540 calories - 1 g of steam gives of 540 calories when it condenses
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| endothermic-use of rock salt to make ice cream | Salt takes energy from water to dissolve-to break the ionic bond, thus making the water COLDER when the salt is there
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| Mole | 6.02 x 10-23rd power
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| Law of Conservation of Matter | Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
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| combination reaction Ex. | burn magnesium - produces light-reacts w/Oxygen to become magnesium oxide
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| Single replacement reaction Ex. | magnesium ribbon into test tube of HCI - hydrochloric acid - dissolves to become MgO (Hydrogen is given off as gas) this is EXOTHERMIC - gives off heat
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| Double replacement reaction Ex. | Epsom salt Magnesium Slfat MgSO4 crystals with sodium hydroxide
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| Boyle's Law | INVERSE relationship between P(pressure) and V (volume) for gases - as Pressure increases, volume decreases
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| Boy-cott's Law | Pressure decreased "volume"
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| Charles Law | DIRECT relationship between temperature and volume-as temperature increases in a gas, so does volume
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| Record gas temperatures | in KELVIN
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| Boyle's law Ex | Marshmallow in syringe-expanded as pressure is decreased when plunger is pulled back
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| inhale...volume increases therefore | pressure is decreased (boyle's law) and more air rushes in to fill the space
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| breath out--volume of lung decreases...t | therefore air goes out as pressure increases
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| Colloids | homogenous mixtures of larger particles dispersed in a dispersing medium-TYNDALL EFFECT
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| Colloid - Ex. | Starch in water-will go through filter, but water is cloudy
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| Tyndall effect | Colloids-large particles reflect light in a solution
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| Tyndall Effect Ex. | Polluted air reflecting light at sunset
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| Colloid (human) | Blood
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| Suspension | Sand in water-won't filter-forms particles
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| Solution | A uniform mixture-ex. salt water
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| Polarity-how does it affect solutions? | "like dissolves like" - nonpolar solvents will dissolve non polar solvents (ex. sugar dissolves in water, but not in oil)
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| Water is polar? | Universal solvent-will dissolve ionic compounds
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| Diffusion | Tendency of things to move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration
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| Tonicity | comparison of realtive solute concerntration of two solutions
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| HYPERtonic | solute with greater concernation is HYPERTONIC
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| HYPO tonic | Solute with lower concentration
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| ISO tonic | when two solutions have same solute concentration they are isotonic
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| Physiological solutions | Isotonic with blood plasma - same osmotic pressure as cells and would be isotonic with cells
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| Osmosis | Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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| Dialysis | Movement of substances OTHER than water across or through a membrane
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| What are units of specific gravity? | None-units cancel--it is a comparison of substance to density of water
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| Ex. of specific gravity | Urine - measured - carries wastes, so has higher density than just water
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| Diffusion | Ex ammonia on paper (phenolphtalein) turns pink when put in contact with ammonia--even gas will cause it to change color
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| 5% Dextrose in water | Physiological solution-Isotonic/same osmotic pressure as cells-may be used intravenously
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| 0.9% saline (NaCl) | Isotonic--physiologic solution- ok to use intravenously
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| Distilled water is ... | HYPO tonic to everything
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| Elodia in distilled water | Distilled water is HYPO compared to "hyper" cells-so water flows IN
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| Elodia in salt water | Water flows OUT of Elodea(shrinks) to increase water in the salt solution
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| Hemolysis | REd blood cells - if placed in water (HYPO compared to the blood cell), then water will flow in by osmosis, swelling the red blood cell & causing it to burst
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| Crenation | If placed in 10% salt (HYPER compared to water) then water flows out of the cell & it shrinks. Like PICKLES, which shrivel & lose water to the salt/pickling solution
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| Dialysis - iodine/starch | starch is in bag--iodine crosses membrane & is absorbed by starch (which is a colloid & can't get through membrane)
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| Renal function - | remove excess water, cellular waste
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| Hemodialysis | Blood flows in-bathed in dilysis solution-waster products flow through membranes
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| Specifi gravity of water | 1.000 g/mL
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| Specific gravity of urine - range | 1.003 to 1.030 g/mL
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