Characteristics of various fixative ingredients
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Reaction with Proteins) | Coagulant,Nonadditive
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| Acetic Acid (Reaction with Proteins) | nil but Baker classifies it as noncoagulant of nucleoproteins
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| Formaldehyde,Paraformaldehyde (Reaction with Proteins) | Noncoagulant, Additive
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| Glutaraldehyde (Reaction with Proteins) | Noncoagulant, Additive
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| Mercuric Chloride (Reaction with Proteins) | Coagulant, Additive
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5 (Reaction with Proteins) | Coagulant, Additive, acts like chromic acid
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5 (Reaction with Proteins) | Noncoagulant, Additive
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Reaction with Proteins) | Noncoagulant, Additive
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| Picric Acid (Reaction with Proteins) | Coagulant, Additive
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| Zinc Salts (Reaction with Proteins) | Coagulant, Additive
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Reaction with nucleic acids) | nil
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| Acetic Acid (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Coagulant of nucleoprotein and DNA
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Reaction with nucleic acids) | nil below 45 degrees celsius
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| Glutaraldehyde (Reaction with nucleic acids) | nil below 45 degrees celsius
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| Mercuric Chloride (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Coagulant
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5 (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Coagulant
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5 (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Dissolves DNA, precipitates(makes insoluble) nucleoprotein
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Noncoagulant
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| Picric Acid (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Precipitates nucleoprotein, leaves DNA soluble and partly hydrolyzed.
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| Zinc Salts (Reaction with nucleic acids) | Unknown
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Reaction with lipids) | Some extraction
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| Acetic Acid (Reaction with lipids) | nil
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Reaction with lipids) | Preserves,but with gradual loss
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| Glutaraldehyde (Reaction with lipids) | Preserves, but with gradual loss
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| Mercuric Chloride (Reaction with lipids) | "unmasks" some lipids
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5 (Reaction with lipids) | Oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5 (Reaction with lipids) | Attaches to some, makes the insoluble
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Reaction with lipids) | Reacts with and adds to double bond in lipids, makes them insoluble
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| Picric Acid (Reaction with lipids) | nil
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| Zinc Salts (Reaction with lipids) | Unknown
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil, glycogen is insoluble
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| Acetic Acid (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Glutaraldehyde (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Mercuric Chloride (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5 (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | Oxidizes to aldehydes
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5 (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | Uncertain
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| Picric Acid (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Zinc Salts (Reaction with Carbohydrates) | nil
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Rate of Penetration) | Rapid
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| Acetic Acid (Rate of Penetration) | Rapid
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Rate of Penetration) | Rapid, but slow cross-linking
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| Glutaraldehyde (Rate of Penetration) | Slow, but cross-links rapidly
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| Mercuric Chloride (Rate of Penetration) | Moderate
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5 (Rate of Penetration) | Slow
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5 (Rate of Penetration) | Fairly rapid
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Rate of Penetration) | Very slow
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| Picric Acid (Rate of Penetration) | Very slow
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| Zinc Salts (Rate of Penetration) | Slow
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Enzyme Activity) | Preserves some if cold
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| Acetic Acid (Enzyme Activity) | Unknown
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Enzyme Activity) | Preserves some if cold and brief
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| Glutaraldehyde (Enzyme Activity) | More inhibition than formaldehyde
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| Mercuric Chloride (Enzyme Activity) | Inhibits
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5 (Enzyme Activity) | Inhibits
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5 (Enzyme Activity) | Inhibits
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Enzyme Activity) | Inhibits
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| Picric Acid (Enzyme Activity) | Inhibits
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| Zinc Salts (Enzyme Activity) | Inhibits
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Ultrastructural preservation) | Poor
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| Acetic Acid (Ultrastructural preservation) | Poor
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Ultrastructural preservation) | Good with Millonig's or paraformaldehyde, usually postfixed with osmium
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| Glutaraldehyde (Ultrastructural preservation) | Excellent, usually postfixed with osmium
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| Mercuric Chloride (Ultrastructural preservation) | Organelles preserved
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5(Ultrastructural preservation) | Poor, causes considerable distortion
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5(Ultrastructural preservation) | Poor, causes some distortion
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Ultrastructural preservation) | Excellent
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| Picric Acid (Ultrastructural preservation) | Poor, causes distortion
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| Zinc Salts (Ultrastructural preservation) | Poor
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Special Uses) | Used when urates are to be demonstrated, also good for glycogen, cytology fixative
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| Acetic Acid (Special Uses) | Used in mixtures for fixation and preservation of nucleoprotein
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehyde (Special Uses) | Electron micorscopy (Millonig's and paraformaldehyde), some enzyme histochemistry
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| Glutaraldehyde (Special Uses) | Electron microscopy
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| Mercuric Chloride (Special Uses) |
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5(Special Uses) |
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5(Special Uses) | Preserves chromaffin granules (used in Orth solution for fixation of pheochromocytomas)
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Special Uses) | Primary use in electron microscopy, or for fat demonstration in paraffin sections
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| Picric Acid(Special Uses) | Mordant for trichrome procedures
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| Zinc Salts (Special Uses) | Preserves immunoreactivity, gives good morphological preservation
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| Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone (Special Comments) | Overhardens tissue, usually used alone
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| Acetic Acid(Special Comments) | Not used alone
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| Formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde (Special Comments) | Permits more special stains than any other fixative, frequently used alone
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| Glutaraldehyde (Special Comments) | May give false-positive Schiff reactions, usually used alone (see pg 14)
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| Mercuric Chloride(Special Comments) | Promotes staining, produces an artifactual pigment, not used alone
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH <3.5(Special Comments) | Can produce an artifactual pigment, not used alone
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| Potassium Dichromate w/ pH >3.5(Special Comments) | Can produce an artifactual pigment, not used alone
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| Osmium Tetroxide (Special Comments) | Penetrates only a few cell layers in depth, usually used alone
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| Picric Acid (Special Comments) | Should not be used with Feulgen reaction, not used alone (see pg 16)
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| Zinc Salts (Special Comments) | Can precipitate in the processor
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| Alcohols (C vs N) | Coagulant
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| Alcohols (A vs N) | Nonadditive
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehye (C vs N) | Noncoagulant
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| Formaldehyde, Paraformaldehye (A vs N) | Additive
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