ob/gyn
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| the kidneys maintain . . . | the constancy of fluids in our internal environment
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| kidneys are a perfect example of what type of organs | homeostatic organs
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| the kidneys are what type of major organs | major excretory organs
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| how do the kidneys perform their excretory functions | they simultaneously regulate the volume & chemical makeup of the blood, maintaining the proper balance between water & salts & between acids & bases
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| name another important renal function | gluconeogenesis
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| when would it go through this process | only during prolonged fasting
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| the kidneys supply approximately how much glucose compared to that of the liver | one-fifth as much glucose as the liver
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| how do the kidney's act as endocrine glands | the produce the enzyme renin and the hormone erythropoietin
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| what does the enzyme renin do? | it helps regulate blood pressure and kidney function
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| what does the hormone erythropoietin do? | it stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow
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| what do the kidneys metabolize to its active form | vitamin D
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| what is the purpose of the urinary bladder | provides a temporary reservoir for urine & three tubelike organs-- the paired ureters & the urethra (it is a temp. storage area for urine)
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| what does the urethra do | it furnishes transportation channels for urine
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| the bean0shaped kidneys lie in what type of position | a retroperitoneal position (between the dorsal body wall & the parietal peritoneum) in the superior lumbar region
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| what vertebra do the kidneys lie inbetween? | extend from the level of the 12 thoracic verebra to the 3rd lumbar vertebra
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| what is so special about the right kidney | it is crowded by the liver & lies slightly lower than the left
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| the lateral surface of the kidney is | convex
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| the medial surface of the kidney is | concave & has a vertical cleft called the renal hilus
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| what is the renal hilus? | it leads into a space within the kidney called the renal sinus
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| what is the renal sinus | allows several structures to enter or exit the kidney at the hilus & occupy the sinus
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| what are the 3 layers of supportive tissue that surround each kidney | the fibrous renal capsule; the fatty mass called the adipose capsule & the outermost layer the renal fascia
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| what is the purpos of the fibrous renal capsule | it adheres directly to the kidney surface, its a transparent capsule that provides a strong barrier that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidneys
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| what is the purpose of the adipose capsule | it helps attach the kidney to the posterior body wall & cushions it against blows
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| what is the purpose of the renal fascia | it is a dense fibrous connective tissue, that surrounds the kidney & its attendant membranes & also the adrenal gland & anchors these organs to surrounding structures
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| name the three distinct regions of the kidney | the cortex, the medulla, & the pelvis
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| what is the most superficial region of the kidney | the renal cortex
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| what exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses | the medullary or renal pyramids
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| what is the purpose of the calyces in the kidneys | they collect urein, which drains continuously fromteh papillae, & empty it into the renal pelvis
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| what type of muscle is in the walls of the calyces, pelvis & ureter | smooth muscle
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| how do they contract | rhythmically & propels urine along its course by peristalsis
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| each renal artery approaches a kidney and divides into | 5 segmental arteries that enter the hilus
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| name the arteries in order | segmental, lobar, interlobar, arcuate, & interlobular
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| name the veins; blood leaving the renal cortex | interlobular, arcuate, interlobar & renal veins
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| what is the renal plexus | a variable netwrok of autonomic nerve fibers & ganglia; it provides the nerve supply of the kidney & its ureter; it is largely supplied by sympathetic fibers from the least thoracic & first lumbar splanchnic nerves
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| what are the sympathetic fibers | they are vasomotor fibers that regulate renal blood flow by adjusting the diameter of renal arterioles & influence the urine-forming role of thenephrons
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| what do the nephrons do? | they carry out the processes that form urine
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| what is the purpose of the collecting ducts? | they collect urine from several nephrons & conveys it to the renal pelvis
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| what does each nephron consist of | a glomerulus, & a tuft of capillaries associated w. a renal tubule
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| what is the end of the renal tubule called | the glomerular (Bowman's ) capsule; it completely surrounds the glomerulus
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| collectively teh glomerular capsule & the enclosed glomerulus are called what? | the renal corpuscle
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| the glomerular's endothelium is | fenestrated (penetrated by many pores); which makes these capillaries exceptionally porous
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| what does this type of endothelium allow? | large amounts of solute-rich, virtually protein-free fluid to pas fromt eh blood into the glomerular capsule
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| what is the plasma-derived fluid/filtrate | it is the raw material that is processed by the renal tubules to form urine
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| the external parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is what type of epithelium | simple squamous epithelium
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| the visceral layer which clings to the glomerulus conssits of . . . | highly modified branching epithelial cells called podocytes
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| what is foot processes | the intertwine w. one another as they cling to the basement membraneof the glomerulus
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| what are the clefts or openings between the foot proceses called | filtration slits or slit pores
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| what do they allow | the filtrate to pas to the interior of the glomerular capsule, a region called the capsular space
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| name the 3 parts of the renal tubule | glomerular capsule; proximal convoluted tubule; loop of Henle; & the distal convoluted tubule
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| by the renal tuble increasing its length what does it enhance | its filtrate processing capabilities
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| the collecting ducts | receive urine frommany nephrons, by running through the medullary pyramids & give them their striped appearance
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| as the collecting ducts approach the rnal pelvis the fust to form the large | papillary ducts
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| what is the purpose of the papillary ducts? | to deliver urine into the minor calyces via papillae of the pyramids
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| the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule are formed by what type of cells | cuboidal epithelial cells
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| what do these cells do | they actively reabsorb substances from the filtrate & secrete substances into it; th cells have large mitochondria & their luminal surfaces bear dense microvilli that tremendously increase their surface area
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| what is a nickname for all of this? | "brush border"
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| why does it have this name | bc it dramatically increases their capacity for reabsorbing water & solutes from the filtrate
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| the descending limb of the U-shaped loop of Henle is called what | the thin segment
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| what type of epithelium is present in the this segment | simple squamous epithelium that is freely permeable to water
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| what is the thick segment | when the epithelium becomes cuboidal or even low columnar in the ascending part of the loop of Henle
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| epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule are | confined tot eh cortex & are cuboidal, but they are somewhat thinner & almost entirely lack microvilli
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| these tubule paly a greter role in what? | secreting solutes into the filtrate than in reabsorbing substances from it
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| the DCT is sometimes called what? | connecting tubule
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| the collecting ducts are what type of cells | intercalated cells, cuboidal cells w. abundant microvilli & more numerous principal cells which lack microvilli
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| what do the intercalated cells play a major role in | maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood; the prinipal cells help maintain the body's water & Na+ (salt) balance
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| the cortical nephrons represent | 85% of the nephrons in the kidneys
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| where are the cotical nephrons located | entirely int he cortex
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| the juxtamedullary nephrons play an important role in what? | the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine
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| every nephron is closely associated w. two capillary beds, name them. | the glomerulus & the peritubular capillaries
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| the glomerulus is specialized for | filtration
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| how does te glomerulus differ from all other capillary beds in the body | it is both fed & drained by arterioles (afferent & efferent)
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| the afferent arterioles arise from the | interlobular arteries that run through the renal cortex
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| what is the difference in size between the afferent arterioles & the efferent | the afferent have a larger diameter tan the efferent
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| blood pressure in the glomerulus is | extrodinarily high for a capillary bed & easily forces fluid and solutes out of the blood intot he glomerular capsule along nearly its entire length
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| most of the filtrate (99%) is reabsorbed by what? it is returned where? | reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells & returned to the blood in the peritubular capillary beds
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| the peritubular capillaries arise from | the efferent arterioles draining the glomeruli
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| the peritubular capillaries are adapted for | absorption
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| describe the pressure in the peritubular capillaries | it is low-pressure, porous capillaries that redily absorb solutes & water from the tuble cells as these substances are reclaimed from the filtrate
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| all substances secreted by the nephrons are derived from | the blood of the peritubular capillaries
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| what is the vasa recta | bundles of long straight vessels that extend deep into the medulla paralleling the courses of the longest loops of Henle
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| renal blood pressure declines from aprox. __ mm Hg in the renal arteries to __ mm Hg or less in the renal veins | 95; 8
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| juxtaglomerular (JG) cells are what type of muscle | smooth muscle cells w. prominent secretory granules containing renin
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| what do these type of cells ace as | mechanoreceptors that directly sense the blood presure in the afferent areriole
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| what is the macula densa | a group of tall, closely packed distal tubule cells that lies adjacent to the JG cells
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| the mascula densa cells are | chemoreceptors that respond to changes in teh solute content of the filtrate in the tubule lumen
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| what is the filtration membrane | the actual filter that lies between the blood & the interior of the glomerular capsule
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| what type of membrane does it have | a porous membranethat allows free passage of water & solutes smaller than plasma proteins
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| the 3 layers of the filtration membrane are: | (1) the fenestrated endothelium fo the glomerular capillaries (2) the visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule mad eof podocytes (#) the intervening basment membrane composed of the fused basal laminas of the other layers
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| the capillary pores (fenestrations) prevent | passage of blood cels
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| what do capillar pores (fenestrations) allow to pass? | all plasma componets
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| teh basement membrane restricts passage of all but the | smallest proteins while permitting most other solutes to pass
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| the structural makeup of the gel-like basement membrane also seems to confer | elevtrical selectivity on teh filtration process
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| what are the three major processes of urine formation | glomerular filtration; tubular reabsorption; & secretion
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| explain what filtration is | a passive, nonselective process where fluids & solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
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| glomerular blood pressure is__ compared to that of other capillary beds | higher
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| approx. what is the glomerular blood pressure | 55 (-70)mm Hg; as opposed to 18 mmHg
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| what is this pressure result in | much higher net filtration pressure
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| kidneys produce how many L of filtrate dily | 180L
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| how many L of urine are produced daily | 1-1.5L
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| glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is what | glomerular blood pressure, the chief forc pushing water & solutes out of the blood across the filration membrane
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| what is the pressure in teh colloid osmotic pressure in the intracapsular space of the glomerular capsule is essentially what? | zero; bc virtually no proteins enter the capsule
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| glomerular hydrostatic pressure is about what | 55-70 mm Hg
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| colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) is what | 28 to 30 mm Hg
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| capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) exerted by fluids in the glomerular capsule is about how many mm Hg | 15 mm Hg
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| the net filtration pressure is responsible for forming what? | renal filtrate from plasma (10 mm Hg)
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| glomerular filtration rate is | the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys
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| the normal GFR in both kidneys in adults is | 120-125 ml/min
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| the GFR is _____ proportional to the net filtration pressure | directly
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| dehydration causes what to glomerular osmotic pressure | increase; inhibits filtate formation
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| Flomerular filtration rate is held relatively constant by what 3 important mechanisms that regulate renal blood flow? | renal autoregulation (intrinsic system), neural controls & the reninangiotensin system (basically a hormonal mechanism)
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| what is the pressure in teh colloid osmotic pressure in the intracapsular space of the glomerular capsule is essentially what? | zero; bc virtually no proteins enter the capsule
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| glomerular hydrostatic pressure is about what | 55-70 mm Hg
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| colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure of glomerular blood (OPg) is what | 28 to 30 mm Hg
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| capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) exerted by fluids in the glomerular capsule is about how many mm Hg | 15 mm Hg
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| the net filtration pressure is responsible for forming what? | renal filtrate from plasma (10 mm Hg)
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| glomerular filtration rate is | the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys
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| the normal GFR in both kidneys in adults is | 120-125 ml/min
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| the GFR is _____ proportional to the net filtration pressure | directly
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| dehydration causes what to glomerular osmotic pressure | increase; inhibits filtate formation
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| Flomerular filtration rate is held relatively constant by what 3 important mechanisms that regulate renal blood flow? | renal autoregulation (intrinsic system), neural controls & the reninangiotensin system (basically a hormonal mechanism)
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| where are the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms located | in the walls of the distal tubules, respond to filtrate flow rate & osmotic signals by causing or not causingthe release of a chemical that produces intense vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
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| when the mascula densa cells are exposed to slowly flowing filtrate or filtratew. low osmolarity they promote | vasodilation of the fferent arterioles
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| what does this allow | more blood to flow into the glomerulus, thus increasing the NFR & GFR
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| filtrate is flowing rapidly &/or it has a high sodium & chloride content (or high osmolarity ingeneral) the macula densa cells prompt | generation of the vasoconstrictor chemical by the JG cells
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| what effect does this have on blood flow | it hinders blood flow into the glomerulus, which decreases the GFR & allows more time for filtrate processing
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| the mascula densa cells send messages to the JG cells of the juxtaglmerular apparatus that set the | renin-angiotensin mechanism into motion
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| why is this mechanism important | it balances filtration & tubular reabsoption
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| a relatively constant blood flow through the kidneys over an arterial pressure range from | 80 to 180mm Hg
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| once mean systemic blood pressure drops below 70 mm Hg autoregulation effectively | ceases
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| when the sympathetic nervous sytem is at rest, the renal blood vessels are | maximally dialated & renal autoregulation mechanisms prevail
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| the basic functional unit of the kidney is | the nephron
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| the ability to concentrate urine depends on the functions of | the loop of henle
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| what urine formation process results in acid elimination | secretion
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| one of the roles of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron is to | produce a concentration gradient that will allow thenephron to concentrate filtrate
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| when the concentration of ADH increases | less urine is produced
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| in response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce | urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
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| the blood supply to the nephron is the | afferent arteriole
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| nephron cells that respond tot eh concentration of filtrate are | macula densa cells
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| the most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is | blood hydrostatic pressure
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| what process results in incrased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release | renin-angiotensin mechanism
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| what substance would probably have the lowest rebsorption rate? | urea
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| facultative Na+ rabsorption occurs in teh | distal convoluted tubule
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| how is Na+ reabsorbed | by active transport using ATP
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| what substance would you not expect to find in urine | protein
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| what structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder | ureter
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| what artery has the smallest diameter | interlobular artery
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| major calyces are | large brances of the renal pelvis
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| micturation is | a sacral reflex
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| the bowman's capsule & glomerulus make up the | renal corpuscle
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| creatinine | a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle & excreted in urine
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| glucose in the urine | not normally found
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| Na+ in urine | is reabsoption occurs w. K+ efflux; this is a common electrolyte in extracellular fluids
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| urea in urine | a detoxified ammonia compund; produced from ammonia following deamination
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| uric acid in the urine | a nitrogen waste product from RNA metabolism; a metabolic waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
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| juxtaglomerular cells | specialized barorreceptors
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| juxtamedullary | long nephrons
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| macula densa cells | specialized chemoreceptors
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| renal capsule | outer covering; helps provide a barrier against microbe invasion
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| renal fascia | anchors kidneys; this tissue is made of dense irregular connective tissue
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| regulatory function of the kidney include the production of 2 hormoens for | erythropoiesis & calciu absorption
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| the renal cortex contains the | glomeruli
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| reabsorption occurs through the tubule wall & into the | peritubular capillaries
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| the juxtaglomerular apparatus contains both | osmoreceptors & barorreceptors
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| the myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to | contract when stretched
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