Structure and function of the kidneys
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| two crucial functions of the nephrons | blood filtration and fluid processing
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| How many nephrons are in each kidney? | about a million
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| The nephron's two major parts: | a glomerulus, and a renal tubule
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| A tangled capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal tubule | the glomerulus
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| The fluid processed from the glomerulus is called | filtrate
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| The function of the ______ ________ is to process the fluid from the glomerulus | renal tubule
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| The beginning of the renal tubule that is enlarged end is called the | glomerular capsule
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| Funnels the filtrate into the rest of the renal tubule | glomerular capsule
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| Surrounds the glomerulus | glomerular capsule
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| Collectively, the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule are called the | renal corpuscle
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| Starting at the glomerular capsule, the anatomical parts of the renal tuble are as follows: | The proximal convoluted tubule -> the loop of Henle -> distal convoluted tubule.
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| Two arterioles supply each glomerulus: name them | The afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole.
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| What do the two arteriales do? | They are responsible for blood flow through the glomerulus.
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| What specifically does the afferent and efferent arterioles do? | The afferent arteriole feeds the glomerular capillary bed and the efferent arteriole drains it.
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| Explains the pressure differences and effects of the arterioles on the glomerulus. | Constricting the afferent arteriole lowers the pressure in the glomerulus, whereas constricting the efferent arteriole will increase the pressure in the glomerulus.
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| Which arteriole has a smaller diameter and what does this difference accomplish? | The efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent, restricting blood flow out of the glomerulus, causing it to force fluid thru the endothelium of the glomerulus into the lumen of the capsule.
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| Everything in the blood except the cells and proteins are filtered through the | glomerular wall.
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| From the capsule, the filtrate moves into the rest of the ______ _________ for processing. | renal tubule
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| The job of the renal tubule is to | reabsorb all of the beneficial substances from its lumen while allowing the wastes to travel down the tubule for elimination from the body.
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| The nephron performs three important functions to process the filtrate into urine: | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
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| A passive process in which fluid passes from the lumen of the glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule of the renal tubule | Glomerular filtration
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| Moves most of the filtrate back into the blood, leaving principally salt water plus the wastes in the lumen of the tubule. | tubular reabsorption.
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| Some of the needed solutes are actively reabsorbed, and others move passively from the lumen of the tubule into the | interstitial spaces.
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| A process by which the kidneys can rid the blood of additional unwanted substances such as creatinine and ammonia. | Tubular secretion
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| The reabsorbed solutes and water that move into the interstitial space between the nephrons need to be returned to the blood, or the kidneys will | rapidly swell like balloons!
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| The ______ _______ surrounding the renal tubule reclaim the reabsorbed substances and return them to general circulation. | peritubular capillaries
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| Arise from the efferent arteriole exiting the glomerulus and empty into the veins leaving the kidney. | Peritubular capillaries
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