| Question |
 |
|
| Answer |
|
|
| Q Where are mammary glands located? Do they have a capsule? |
A Mammary glands are located in the subcutaneous tissue, and they do NOT have a capsule |
| Q Where is the areola located in relation to underlying structures? |
A At the level of the 4th intercostal space |
| Q The female breast extends roughly from the lateral border of the sternum to what point laterally? |
A There is a "tail" of the breast tissue that extends to the mid-axillary line underneath the arm. |
| Q The vertical borders of the breast are roughly ribs 2 and 6, depending on age and structure (so really those numbers mean nothing). What else is located at the rib 2 level? |
A The angle of Louie |
| Q 2/3 of the breast lays over the pec major. Where does the other 1/3 rest? |
A Don't forget the tail of the breast that extends under the arm. The lat 1/3 of the breast rests on the serratus ant. |
| Q Internal to the female breast there is a potential space made up of CT to allow some movement. What is this space called? |
A Retromammary space/bursa |
| Q What supports the lobules in the female breast? Where are these most developed? |
A suspensory ligaments of Cooper, which are skin ligaments. These are more developed in the sup portion of the breast. |
| Q What kind of glands are the female mammary glands? What other glands are present in the female breast? |
A They are modified sweat glands. Also present are sebaceous glands of montgomery that secrete oil for lubrication. |
| Q There are 15-20 lobules per gland in the female breast. What drains each lobule? |
A Each lobule drains into a lactiferous duct |
| Q What is the wide spot in the lactferous duct called, and where is it found? |
A LActiferous sinus, found just beneath the surface. Note: There is one sinus per duct |
| Q What is the nipple composed of? Are any other structures or marks present on the nipple? |
A The nipple is circular smooth m., and there is no fat, hair, or sweat glands present here; only small fissures to mark the openings of the lactiferous ducts. |
| Q The breasts are supplied blood by which arteries? Which is larger? |
A medial mammary branches of the internal thoracic artery, and lateral mammary branches of the lateral thoracic artery (this is 2-3 times larger) |
| Q If for some reason blood supply to the breast from the medial mammary branches was cut off, how would blood have to arrive? |
A The pos. intercostal arteries supply blood to the lateral thoracic wall. These have lateral mammary branches that reach the breast. |
| Q If blood supply to the breast from the lateral mammary branches were cut off, through what pathway would blood travel to reach the breast? |
A The internal thoracic artery branches into ant intercostal arteries. These have perforating branches called "medial mammary branches" which supply blood to the breast. |
| Q What is the major blood supply to the serratus ant m.? |
A lateral thoracic artery. This is where the lateral mammary branches split off on their way to the breast. |
| Q The internal thoracic artery is important for blood supply to the breast. Where does this vessel come from, and where else does it go? |
A The int. thoracic artery is a branch of the subclavian artery, which travels parallel to the sternum, pos. to the ribs. |
| Q Once the int. thoracic artery arrives at the rib 6-7 level, it continues inf. into the rectus sheath as what artery? What branches off laterally from this artery? |
A IT becomes the sup. epigastric artery, and branches laterally into the musculophrenic artery. |
| Q Internal thoracic veins may be referred to as "vena communicantes". Why is this? What may be the reason for this structure? |
A Vena communicantes are 2-3 veins that wrap around an artery in web-like formation. This may be to take advantage of the constriction/dilation of the artery to promote flow through the vein as well. |
| Q Breast cancer almost always becomes proliferative where? |
A In the ducts. |
| Q The innervation of the breast is from intercostal/segmental nn, easily enough. Do you know what specific levels though? |
A intercostal nn. 4-6 |
| Q The pec major has a clavicular head,, which originates from the medial half of the clavicle. Where does the sternocostal head originate? |
A on the ant sternum, sup 6 costal cartilages, and the aponeurosis of the ext oblique m. |
| Q What is the innervation of the pec major? What about the pec minor? |
A major = lat/med pectoral n., minor = medial pectoral n. |
| Q What is significant about the medial pectoral n.? |
A It travels through the pec minor m. |
| Q The sternocostal head of the pec major by itself would extend the humerous from a flexed position. What would the clavicular head accomplish on its own? |
A flexion of the humerous. |
| Q To what mm. does the thoracoacromial artery supply blood? |
A To the pec major/minor |
| Q What is the origin of the pec minor? |
A Ribs 3-5 near costal cartilage |
| Q What mm. draws the scapula anterior AND inferior? |
A pec minor |
| Q What mm. acts as an antagonist to the traps/scm on the clavicle? |
A subclavius |
| Q This m. originates from the junction of rib 1/costal cartilage and inserts on the inf middle 1/3 of the clavicle. |
A subclavius |
| Q Is blood supply to the subclavius the same as to the pec major/minor? |
A Yes, it is from the thoracoacromial artery, BUT it comes from the clavicular branch as opposed to the pectoral branch. |
| Q The origin of this m spans from ribs 1-8 |
A serr. ant. |
| Q What is the innervation of the serr. ant.? What is unusual about the travel of this n.? |
A The long thoracic n. travels on top of the serr. ant (though covered by the lats for the most part), whereas most nn. travel underneath the mm. they innervate. |
| Q This m. protracts the scapula, AND holds it against the thorax |
A serr. ant. |
| Q What is the blood supply to the serr. ant? |
A lat. thoracic artery |
| Q What mm. were found on the internal surface of the lower sternum when you cut through to the thoracic cavity in gross lab? |
A transverse thoracic mm/transversus thoracis |
| Q The innervation of the transversus thoracis m is from intercostal/segmental nn. What is the action of this m.? |
A depress the ribs for forced exhalation |
| Q The pericardium is a double walled "fibroserous" sac. What are the two ligaments coming off of this sac? |
A The pericardiacophrenic ligament to the central tendon (?) and the sternopericardial ligament to the sternum |
| Q How/where does the pericardium attach to the heart? |
A It is fused with the tunica adventitia of the great vessels |
| Q What are the two parts of the pericardium? |
A The serous pericardium which decreases friction during beating, and the fibrous pericardium which is for protection. |
| Q The serous pericardium has a parietal layer fused with the firbrous pericardium, and a visceral layer. What is another name for the visceral layer? |
A The epicardium |
| Q What is the function of the fibrous pericardium? |
A it limits overfilling |
| Q Where are the phrenic nn. and the pericardiacophrenic vessels found in relation to the heart? |
A They are inside the fibrous pericardium |
| Q Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located? Specifically, what structures is it behind/in front of? |
A ***Pos. to aorta/pulmonary trunk, and ant. to sup ven cav |
| QTher oblique pericardial sinus was palpated in gross lab, from the apex of the heart medial and superior. What are the borders of this sinus medially/laterally? |
A Medial = R sup/inf pulmonary veins, Lateral = L sup/inf pulmonary veins. |
Biology Lab Midterm
