Text Glossary for all things beginning with D to F
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| Decentralization | An attempt to move economic opportunities from core areas to the periphery. This is an attempt to ensure prosperity for more regions of a country.
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| D-Day June 6,1944 | The name given to the day when the allied invasion of Normandy in the Second World War would take place. An attempt to move economic opportunities from core areas to the periphery. This is an attempt to ensure prosperity for more regions of a country.
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| D-Day June 6,1944 | The name given to the day when the allied invasion of Normandy in the Second World War would take place.
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| Debt reduction | A plan sponsored by several developed countries including Canada to help some of the highly indebted poor countries reduce their loans by not requiring them to be repaid.
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| Declaration of War | In 1914 Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, after Germany had attacked neutral Belgium. Canada was considered to be automatically at war as Britain still controlled our foreign affairs.
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| Deficit | The difference between the amount of money the government raises in a year and the amount that it spends-if the amount spent is more than the amount raised.
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| Delgamuluukw Ruling | The Supreme Court of Canada case which defined Aboriginal title.
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| Democracy | Rule by the people. The people of the province or country have a right to have a voice in decisions that affect them. In Canada we do this by electing representative to make decisions for us.
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| Demography | The statistical study of human populations, specifically birth rates, death rates, natural increase rates, and other factors that affect population change in an area or country.
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| Demography Transition Model | A model that can be used to show the changes in population as the economy and industry of a country also change.
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| Dependency ratio | The ratio between the number of people that are working and those that are over the age of 65 or under the age of 15.
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| Depression | Severe economic problems and hardship accompanied by mass unemployment. The Great Depression is considered to have begun after the Stock Market Crash in 1929 and lasted in Canada until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.
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| Desertification | The expansion of desert areas of the world mainly because of over use of nearby land areas. This is a particular problem in the Sahel region of Africa.
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| Developed country | Generally, countries with an industrial-based economy, good education and health care systems, and little or no population increase.
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| Developing countries | Generally, countries that have more of an agriculturally-based economy, inequalities in both its education and health care systems, and a rapidly increasing population.
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| Developing economy | Generally associated with a developing country. It may have some technology, but most of the economy is characterized by primary low-productivity industries.
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| DEW Line-Distant Early Warning Line | A string of US-built radar stations built across the Canadian A& during the 1950s to detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Pole.
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| Diefenbaker, John 1895-1979 | Conservative prime minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963.He was responsible for giving Status Indians the right to vote, and for introducing the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960.
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| Dieppe Raid | 5000 Canadian soldiers took part in a raid on the small French sea port of Dieppe on August 19, 1942. The purpose was to test German defences in preparation for a later major invasion. The raid was not well planned and was a huge failure.
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| Dionne quintuplets | Born in 1934 in northern Ontario, they were an instant sensation. The government of Ontario took over care of the children, putting them on display for the public.
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| Direct democracy | Each citizen has a right to vote on all issues that affect .their society. A referendum is an example of direct democracy.
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| Displaced persons | Refers to post-Second World War refugees from Eastern Europe. Some had lost their homes through border changes. Many of these people came to Canada as immigrants.
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| Doubling time | The time required for a population to double in size. Can be calculated by using the "rule of seventy." Divide 70 by the natural increase rate for a country to determine the approximate doubling time for that country.
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| Distinct Society | A term contained in the failed Meech Lake Accord, which would have recognized the special nature of Quebec
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| Douglas, Tommy 1904-1986 | CCF Premier of Saskatchewan 1944-1 961. Responsible for the creation of Medicare in that province. Leader of the federal NDP 1962-1 971. In 2004 he was voted the "Greatest Canadian" on a CBC television series.
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| Dunkirk Operation Dynamo | Between May 27 and June 3, 1940, approximately 340 000 British and French troops were rescued from the beaches of Dunkirk, a French port on the English Channel.
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| Duplessis, Maurice 1890-1959 | Founded the Union Nationale Party in Quebec in the mid 1930s.
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| Ecological footprints | Refers to the impact of a given population on nature. It is a way of estimating how many resources each person would need to maintain his or her present lifestyle.
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| Ecotourism | Promoting tourism of the natural world that encourages people to appreciate and preserve the natural environment.
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| Economic activities | Refers to the various sections of an economy and all the activities that take place in that sector which contribute to the wealth of the whole economy.
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| Economic disparity | The economic differences of poverty and wealth that exist side by side in many places around the world.
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| Economic cycle | A normal economic cycle in the capitalist system will include recession, recovery, and prosperity.
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| Elections Act | The law that regulates the process of elections in Canada. It details how campaigning is to be done, who can contribute to election campaigns, and who can vote.
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| Emigration rates | The number of people leaving a country in a given year per 1000 of population.
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| Employment equity | Beginning in the 1950',laws have been passed in all Canadian provinces that prevent employment discrimination based on race, gender, etc.
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| Employment Insurance (El) | Previously known as Unemployment Insurance, it was established by the federal government during the Second World War.
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| Enemy alien | A resident of Canada who had citizenship in an enemy country during the First or the Second World War. (See Japanese Canadians
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| Enumeration list | The official list of all the people who are eligible to vote in a constituency.
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| Equality rights | Section 15 of the Charter of Rights guarantees equality before and under the law. Before the law means everyone must have access to the courts. Under the law means that laws must treat every individual equally.
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| Equalization payments | An aspect of Canadian federalism whereby the federal government collects money through direct taxation and then redistributes it to the "have not" provinces, ensuring that all provinces can maintain adequate standards in health and education services.
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| Equalization programs | federal government program to give money to poorer provinces to ensure a standard of government services that are equal across the country.
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| Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value | The idea that people doing the same type of work must receive the same amount of pay regardless of sex or racial background.
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| Expanding population | A country with a high birth rate and many young children in its population pyramid. The broad base indicates that the population is growing rapidly.
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| Executive power | The power of the government-federal, provincial, and municipal-to make decisions and administer them through their bureaucracy or civil service.
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| Expo '67 | The world's fair was held in Montreal in 1967 and was considered to be a resounding success. It lifted the profile of Canada in the world, and served as a suitable 100th birthday for the country.
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| Exponential rate | The rate at which a population increases. Each generation builds on the size of the previous generation. The result is an exponential increase: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
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| Fascism | A far right wing political ideology that glorifies the state, encourages aggressive nationalism, and demands a strong leader. Itfirst became popular in Mussolini's Italy which became a model for other right wing dictatorships.
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| Family planning | Refers to the concept of couples actually planning the number of children they will have. It may also refer to the policy of a government to encourage various birth control methods to limit population growth.
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| Federal system of government or Federalism | A system of government made up of a national government and a series of provincial governments. Each level of government has specific powers to make laws that relate to their areas of responsibility.
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| Ferdinand, Archduke 1863-1914 | Heir to the throne of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Assassinated by Cavrilo Princip in the Bosnian town of Sarajevo on June 28, 191 4. Austsria used the resulting crisis as an excuse for attacking Serbia -start of WW1
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| Fertility rate | The number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
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| First Nations | The name taken by aboriginal people in Canada to strengthen the fact that they were distinct nations and therefore should have the right to govern their own territories.
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| First past the post system | In an election the candidate who wins the most votes is the winner. It may not necessarily be a majority of the votes cast if there are more than two candidates in the election.
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| "Five-cent Speech" | In 1930 Mackenzie King said that he would not give "a five-cent piece" to any Conservative provincial government. The federal Liberal leader and Prime Minister lost the ensuing election.
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| Flag | In 1964, Prime Minister Lester Pearson suggested replacing the Red Ensign with a new Canadian flag. After much debate, the present flag was adopted and became the official flag of Canada on February 15, 1965. At the time, the issue was controversial
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| Flapper | A female style of the 1920s which included "bobbed" hair, the flat- chested look, and hemlines above the knees.
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| Ford, Henry 1863-1947 | President and founder of the Ford Motor Company. He popularized the use of the assembly line, enabling his famous Model T car to be produced quickly and cheaply.
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| Fox, Terry 1958-1981 | In 1980 he attempted to run across Canada, despite having lost a leg to cancer. His but the annual Terry Fox Run since then has raised millions of dollars for cancer research. "Marathon of Hope" ended near Thunder Bay, Ontario,
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| Free vote | So called when the members of the House of Commons can vote according to their consciences or the wishes of the people in their ridings rather than what the party tells them to vote.
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| Front de la Liberation de Quebec (FLQ) | A radical separatist organization of the 1960s and early 1970s which was responsible for the October Crisis of 1970.
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| Fundamental freedoms | Another way of expressing the basic freedoms that Canadians have under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This term is used to indicate that they are the base for other freedoms we enjoy. Fundamental freedoms could include freedom of press,ect.
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